Lec1c IntroFEM

46910: PhD Course in advanced finite
element simulations using Abaqus
Topic 1c: Modelling and viewing in Abaqus/CAE

Lars P. Mikkelsen
DTU Wind Energy
http://www.pmik.dk/risoe
Outline:
• Linear Finite element
• Shape functions
• Numerical integration
• Shear locking and hourglass
• Structural elements
Report 1: Introduction to Abaqus/CAE
• The topic 1 Introduction to Abaqus/CAE will be taught
– Thursday the 1st of February
– Thursday the 8th of February
• The submission to the peergrade.io should be done
– Saturday the 10th of February at 23:59
– Sunday the 11th of February at 23:59
• The peer review should be done
– Start Monday the 12th of February at 8:00
– Deadline: Wednesday the 14th of February at 12:00
• General feedback and possibility for individual questions
– Thursday the 15th of February at 12:30-13:00 and after 16:00
• Submission of the report to campusnet
– Friday the 16th of February at 23:55
• Pass/non-pass judgement from me based on the content of the report
2 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Topic 1a, Intro to Abaqus/CAE Spring 2018
Boundary value problem
Governing equations for a linear elastic continuum
with body-force p j  0
• Equilibrium (three force equilibriums)
 ij n j  Ti 0 on ST
 ij ,i  0 with
ui  ui0 on Su
• Strain displacement equations
1
 ij  (ui , j  u j ,i )
2
• Constitutive equations
(Moment:  ij   ji )
 ij  Lijkl  kl
Written on weak form: Principle of virtual work

• V: Volume of geometry
• Su: Kinematic determined boundaries
• ST: Static determined boundaries   
V ij ij dV   Ti ui dST
ST
ui u1 Unique solution: It can be shown that

ui , j  u1,2 
x j x2 • Solution follow all kinematic and static BC
-> Unique and therefore correct solution
• Approximate but kinematic allowable solution
 1 j ,1  2 j ,2  3 j ,3 (Displacement based FEM)
 ij ,i   
x1 x2 x3 -> Correct or too stiff solution
-> Converging for refined discretization
3 DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Topic 1c, Intro to Abaqus/CAE Spring 2018
Split boundary value problem into elements
V   V( e )
Nel Nel
  
V ij ij dV   Ti ui dST  V( k )
 ij ij dV( k )   
ST ( k )
Ti ui dST ( k )
ST k 1 k 1
In summery
• Split the structure V in elements V  V( e ) 

• Determine the stiffness of the elements
• Collect all the element stiffness in an equation system
• Before adding boundary condition, K is singular

• Add loads on ST and boundary condition on Su
• Solve the system
• Post-processing of the solution.
Nel Nel

k 1
V( k )
 ij ij dV( k )   
k 1
ST ( k )
Ti ui dST ( k )
Numerical Gauss integration
Linear or quadratic elements
Shape
functions for
8-noded
element
Compatible elements
Coinciding nodal degree of freedom in common nodes

-> coinciding elements boundaries
Example on incompatible elements (4 and 8 node element)
Gap along the

element boundaries
Abaqus gives warnings about

possible incompatible element
combination but it is up to the
user to check it.
Example on how NOT to connect elements
Nodal DOF and integrations points
History output:
Displacements, reaction forces, …
Field output:
Nodes:
- Displacements,
Integrationspoint:
- Stress, strains, …
Mesh, path and contour plotting
• Higher order elements plotted with straight boundary elements
– Model based on curved boundaries
• Contour lines for displacement degree of freedoms found inside the
element using linear interpolations
– not following the shape function
• Contour lines for integration point based values (strain, stress, …) first
linearly interpolated out to the nodal points and therefrom interpolated
contour lines (take care of jumps in values, free edges, …). Modify
eventually the 75% averaging option. (Results -> Options)
Full or reduced Gauss integration
• Full integration
– Accurate integration of the
governing equations.
– Displacement based
elements will always give
an stiffer solutions
– Possibility for shear locking
• Reduced integration
– Introduce an error in the
integration of the governing
equations.
– May give more precise
results
– Possibility for hour-glass
deformation
Shear locking
- full integration
Bending introduced
shear locking/hourglassing
Bending of a beam
Hour-glass deformation
- reduced integration
Incompatible modes option
add two internal degrees of freedom
The bottom line
Try to solve a problem in 2D first
• Making building up the model faster

• faster to understand specific features necessary for the model
• Understand what’s going on easier
• able to see full solution in 2D
• Make the convergence study easier
• element size, model size ...)
Structural elements: Beam and shell
• Beam and shell elements are not working with strain and stresses but
with through mid-plane quantities such as moment M, normal forces N,
middle axis deformation ε0 and curvatures κ.
• The deformation quantities is given by approximations given by e.g.

Bernoulli-Euler beam or von Karman plate theory and can be found from
the in-plane nodal displacement and the out of plane displacement
derivative thereof.
• For varying through thickness material properties, the moment and

normal forces and the local stiffness matrixes must be found by through
thickness integration (e.g. Simpson integration) in addition to the over
the element Gauss integration.
+
ROTATION
DOF
Supplementary reading
• Cook RD, Malkus DS, Plesha ME, Witt RJ. Concepts and applications of
finite element analysis. Fourth Edi. John Wiley and Sons; 2002.
– Chapter 6: Good description of isoparametric elements showing all
governing equation making it possible implementing the element in a
FE-code, e.g. as an Abaqus Uel case.
• Dunne F, Petrinic N. Introduction to Computational Plasticity. Oxford

University Press; 2005.
– Chapter 4: More general introduction to finite element

Lec1c IntroFEM

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46910: PhD Course in advanced finite

element simulations using Abaqus

Topic 1c: Modelling and viewing in Abaqus/CAE

Written on weak form: Principle of virtual work

ui u1 Unique solution: It can be shown that

• Split the structure V in elements V  V( e ) 

• Before adding boundary condition, K is singular

Numerical Gauss integration

Coinciding nodal degree of freedom in common nodes

Example on incompatible elements (4 and 8 node element)

Gap along the

Abaqus gives warnings about

• Making building up the model faster

• The deformation quantities is given by approximations given by e.g.

• For varying through thickness material properties, the moment and

• Dunne F, Petrinic N. Introduction to Computational Plasticity. Oxford

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