Plant Cell Structure

Concepts

• All organisms are composed of small

structures called cells.
• In plants, each cell consists of a boxlike cell
wall surrounding a mass of protoplasm, which
in turn contains its own smaller parts, the
organelles, such as nuclei, mitochondria, and
chloroplasts.
• Cells are also the physical framework within
which a plant's metabolism occurs
 Examples of Plant Cell Shapes and Sizes

Cell Shape Dimensions

Dividing cell in shoot or
root
Epidermal cell of lily
(Lilium)
Photosynthetic cell in leaf
of pear (Pyrus)
Water-conducting vessel
cell in oak (Quercus)
Fiber cell in hemp
(Cannabis)
Cube 12 µm × 12 µm × 12 µm
Flat, paving stone 45 µm × 143 µm × 15
µm
Short cylinder 7.4 µm diam × 55 µm
Short cylinder 270 µm diam × 225 µm
Long cylinder 20 µm diam × 60,000
µm
Basic features

• A light micrograph of Elodea

showing several basic features
of a plant cell. The walls and
chloroplasts are easily visible.
Other organelles occur but are
difficult or impossible to see by
light microscopy (× 80). (Dennis
Drenner)
Integrated fashion
• Plant metabolism,
development, and
survival depend on
numerous cells working
together in a coordinated,
integrated fashion. (a)
These cells store water in
the center of a sunflower
stem; they are relatively
large and filled mostly
with water. The cell walls
and a nucleus are visible
(× 250).
 Conducts water and nutrients
• Part of the system that
conducts water and nutrients
in a sunflower stem.
Numerous types of cells
occur in specific
arrangements that permit
efficient conduction. The
large red cells in the center
conduct water; the small
grey cells above them
conduct sugars. The cells at
the top have thick red walls
and provide strength to the
stem (× 60).
 Variety of cells

• In this transverse section through a leaf of

Ligustrum, you can see a variety of cells; those in
the center carry out photosynthesis
 Cell biology
• Considering the large number of living organisms and the
numerous types of metabolism that must be carried out, one
might suspect that there are hundreds of types of cells, but
actually just a small number of cell types exists.
• Most differences between organisms are due to differences in
associations of their cells, not in the cells themselves.
• Plant reproduction is also based on cells and cell biology:
Some cells in flowers produce pigments or nectar that attract
insects which carry pollen between flowers, allowing sperm
cells to contact egg cells.
 Communication Between Cells
• Cells that store, manufacture, or process food have thin walls, while
those involved in support usually have relatively thick walls.
Although each living cell is capable of independently carrying on
complex activities, it is essential that these activities be coordinated
through some means of communication among all the living cells of
an organism.
• Fluids and dissolved substances can pass through primary walls of
adjacent cells via plasmodesmata (singular: plasmodesma), which
are tiny strands of cytoplasm that extend between the cells through
minute openings
• The translocation of sugars, amino acids, ions, and other substances
occurs through the plasmodesmata.
• The middle lamellae and most cell walls are, however, permeable
and permit slower movement of water and dissolved substances
between cells.
 Examples of Plant Cell Types, Specializations,
and Division of Labor
Cell Type Specialization

Cells of shoot/root tips Cell division; produce new

protoplasm
Epidermis Water retention; cutin and wax are
barriers against fungi and insects
Epidermal gland cells Protection: produce poisons that
inhibit animals from harming plants
Green leaf cells Collect solar energy by
photosynthesis
Root epidermal cells Collect water and minerals

Vascular cells Transport water, minerals, and

organic molecules
 Cell Specialization
Type
Flower • Petal cells: pigments that attract
cells pollinators
• Scent cells: fragrances that attract
pollinators
• Nectary cells: sugars that attract
pollinators
• Stamen cells: indirectly involved in
producing sperm cells
• Carpal cells: indirectly involved in
producing egg cells
• Fruit cells: produce sugars, aromas,
flavorful compounds that attract fruit-
eating/seed-dispersing animals
 Same basic units cells are
• Regardless of
whether a root,
stem, leaf, or
flower is being
constructed, the
same basic units
cells are required
• Transverse section of wood
showing several cell types:
Fibers with thick walls provide
strength, and large open cells
conduct water. These cells act
as building blocks, and more
wood is easily constructed by
adding more cells. Stronger
wood is produced by adding
more fiber cells; more
conductive wood results from
adding more open cells (× 100).
 Organisms

Organ Systems
Organs

Tissues
Cells
Organelles
13
 Organisms

Organ Systems
Organs

Tissues
Cells
Organelles
14
I. SEL 15
 SEL Animal Cell

Unit terkecil yang mempunyai

kemampuan melakukan aktivitas
yang berhubungan dengan proses
hidup tumbuh-tumbuhan
Bentuk dan ukuran, antara lain : Plant Cell
• Kubus, prisma, bundar, seperti
benang
• 15 – 100 mu pada sel parenkhima
daun
• Beberapa cm pada sel serat Bacterial Cell

pembuluh xylem

16
 Prokaryotes
Nucleoid region
contains the DNA
•Cell membrane &
cell wall
• Contain ribosomes
(no membrane) to
make proteins in
their cytoplasm

17
 Eukaryotic Cell

Contain 3 basic
cell structures:
• Nucleus
• Cell Membrane
• Cytoplasm with
organelles
18
Two Main Types of Eukaryotic
Cells

Plant Cell Animal Cell

19
20
 Cells are made of Organelles
Golgi Body
Cytoplasm
Lysosome
Cell Wall
Ribosome

Chloroplast Vacuole

Cell
Membrane
Nucleus Mitochondria
Endoplasmic Reticulum
21
http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html
 Cells May be Prokaryotic or
Eukaryotic
 Prokaryotes include bacteria &
lack a nucleus or membrane-bound
structures called organelles
Eukaryotes include most other cells
& have a nucleus and membrane-
bound organelles

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2. BAGIAN – BAGIAN SEL
Primer

1. DINDING SEL Sekunder

Lamela tengah
SEL
Nucleus
2. PROTOPLAST
Cytoplast

Ribosom Mitokondria Vakoula Plastida

Senyawa organik
& anorganik
23
 Ektoplas (Sitoplast)

Protoplasma Polioplas ()

Tonoplas (Vakoule)

24
A. Cell wall
-- defines the shape of the cell

Secondary cell wall

Primary cell wall

Middle lamella

Intercellular space

25
2.1 DINDING SEL
Sel muda dindingnya tipis/primer, kemudian terjadi
penebalan/sekunder.
Pada bagian tertentu tidak terjadi penebalan/ terbentuk
lubang antar sel/pit (noktah)
Senyawa penyusun dinding sel antara lain :
• Pectin
• Cellulosa
• Lignin
• Suberin/Gabus
• Chitine/ sat kresik

26
2.1.1 LAPISAN DINDING SEL
1.Dinding Primer
2.Dinding Sekunder
3.Lamela Tengah
Contoh pada Sel parenkhim : sel yang tumbuh khas

 Dinding tipis

 Diameter sama / di seluruh bagian tumbuhan (hampir bulat)

 Terdapat pada : jaringan empulur, korteks mesofil, jaringan-jaringan
lainnya

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2.1.2 DINDING PRIMER
Terdapat pada :
 Sel muda/meristem
 Sel penyimpan
 Sel yang melakukan fotosintesis
Ciri-ciri :
1. Tipis (terbentuk saat sel tumbuh) “cellulose fibrils”
2. Membungkus membran – lekat dengan dinding primer
• 1-3 mm
• 9 – 25% sellulose dengan susunan searah (seperti kristal dan daya renggang
kawat baja dan pada kabel)
• 25 – 50% hemisellulose
• 10 – 35% pektat/pectin
• 10% protein
3. Berpori – diameter 3.5 – 5.2 mm (air = 0.3 mm; gula 1 mm)
Jadi apoplas (kain berpori di dalamnya ada balon diisi air)

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2.1.3 DINDING SEKUNDER
Protoplas – mengekskresikan setelah berhenti membesar
 Lebih tebal dari dindng primer
 Sellulose 41 – 45%
 Hemisellulose 30%
 Lignin 22 – 28% - tidak mudah dimampatkan dan dibentuk
lebih tegar seperti batang baja
(tidak layu ke - air)
 Pola sel yang berhenti berkembang – lignin diendapkan
pada lamella tengah, dinding primer, dinding sekunder
 Misal : sel xylem/sel kayu/sel gabus, penebalan cincin,
jaring jaring.

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 2.1.4 LAMELA TENGAH
Senyawa pektat/pectin – gel/buah mentah (gel, selai)
PLASMODESMATA :
• Benang-benang sitoplasma yang melewati
• Noktah – lapangan noktah primer
• Simplas > apoplas, tetapi partikel diameter
lebih kecil 10 mm
• Adanya Pe + hasil metabolisme pada dinding sel,
terbentuk Ceruk /noktah :
1.Noktah Sederhana
2.Noktah Terlindung

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 Plant Cells

• Cell wall
– primary walls – laid
down while cell is
growing
– middle lamella –
glues cells together
– secondary walls –
inside the primary
cell walls after growth

31
 2.2 PROTOPLAST
- Plasma sel :
cairan sel, sebagai tempat distribusi beberapa organel
1. Inti sel/nucleus (membran, rangka, nucleolus, caira inti)
2. Plastida : leucoplast, chloroplast/chlorophyl, chromoplast
3. Mitokondria
4. Ribosom
5. Sentrosome dan lain sebagainya

- Vakuola/rongga sel - Senyawa organik

Air sel (larutan garam, larutan alkaloid misalnya
- Membran vakuola/ nikotin, kinin
tonoplast Lemak, cadangan di biji
Butir pati, tepung, butir protein, pada biji-bijian
KRT-2010 32
Minyak atsiri, rasa pedas
 Organelles
Very small size
Can only be observed under
a microscope
Have specific functions
Found throughout cytoplasm
33
 Organelles Found in Cells
Examples of Organelles include:
Endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth) –
canals for movement
Golgi Bodies – wrap & export proteins
Nucleolus – makes ribosomes
Lysosomes – digests & gets rid of wastes
Ribosomes – makes proteins
34
Golgi Bodies

35
Lysosome  Hewan

36
Nucleolus

37
 Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Smooth ER lacks
ribosomes &
makes proteins
USED In the cell
Rough ER has
ribosomes on its
surface & makes
proteins to
EXPORT
38
 RIBOSOM
Ribosom
- present in plastids and
mitochondria
- RNA is present in this particulates
- frequently associated with the
cytoplasmic membran-system, the
endoplasmic reticulum.
- polyribosomes = polysomes, appear
in groups

39
 Plant Cell Organelles
Chloroplast
Contain the green
pigment chlorophyll
Traps sunlight to
make sugars (food)
Process called
photosynthesis
40
 Chloroplasts
Convert sunlight energy to ATP
through photosynthesis
• Notice the larger surface
area created by thylakoid
discs.
• What chemicals are found
embedded in these
membranes?
• The fluid-filled portion of
the chloroplast is called
stroma.

41
Chloroplast

42
 Plant Cell Organelles

Mitochondrion
( mitochondria )
Rod shape
Site of Cellular
respiration
Burn Sugars to produce
energy ATP

43
Mitochondria
• Double membrane organelle
– central cavity filled with matrix
– inner membrane folds = cristae
• large surface area for chemical
reactions of cellular respiration
• Function
– efficient generation of ATP
– “powerhouse of cell”
• Mitochondria self-replicate
– increase in # when need for ATP
increases
– circular DNA with 37 genes
– only inherited from mother (in egg)

44
 Plant Cell

Cell membrane
Lies immediately
against the cell wall
Made of protein and
phospholipids
Selectively permeable

45
 Plant Cell

Cell membrane
Living layer
Controls the
movement of
materials into
and out of the
cell
46
 Plant Cell

Cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance
enclosed by cell
membrane
Provides a medium
for chemical
reactions to take
place
47
 Plant Cell

Cytoplasm
Contains organelles
to carry out
specific jobs
Examples:
chloroplast &
mitochondrion
48
 Plant Cell Organelles
Vacuole
Have a large central
vacuole
Surrounded by tonoplast
Contains cell sap
Sugars, proteins,
minerals, wastes, &
pigments
49
 Plant Cell Organelle

Nucleus
Controls the normal
activities of the cell
Bounded by a
nuclear membrane
Contains chromosomes
Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes
Genes control cell characteristics

50
Different kinds of plant
cells

Onion Epidermal Cells Guard Cells

root hair

Root Hair Cell

51
 Differences between Plant Cells
and Animal Cells

Animal cells Plant cells

Vacuole small or Large central
absent vacuole
Glycogen as food Starch as food
storage storage
Nucleus at the Nucleus near cell
center wall
52
53
54
3. PEMBELAHAN SEL
a. Pembelahan Sel : mengakibatkan
bertambahnya jumlah sel dan pertumbuhan

b. Macam Pembelahan sel :

-Mitosis : pembelahan sel somatis
-Meiosis : pembelahan sel kelamin

Interphase
Prophase
Mitosis Metaphase Chromosom sel anak
Anaphase = Induknya
Telephase

55
4. PROSES PEMBELAHAN SEL

Satuan struktur kehidupan

Satuan fungsional
di dalam tubuh organisme
Terbentuk melalui pembelahan
Mengandung zat/pembawa sifat keturunan

56
Mitosis

57
Meiosis

58
Meiosis

59
Konsep Diferensiasi Sel

Diagram menunjukkan bbrp modifikasi

yg terjadi dari 1 derivat sel ujung setelah memperoleh
fungsi khusus pd tumbuhan dewasa
Nb : bbg sel ini tidak tergambar dgn perbesaran yg sama

60
Urutan Tahap Pembesaran Sel pada Ujung Akar

Proses pembesaran sel di ikuti pembentukan vakoula sentral

61
Struktur Dinding Sel

62
Struktur Dinding Sel

63
Pembentukan Dinding Sel Sewaktu Pembelahan Sel

64
Kromoplas

65
Grana & Stroma

66
Mikrofibril dalam Dinding Sel Primer

67
Noktah & Plasmodesmata

68
Struktur Noktah

69
Diagram Sel Tumbuhan

70
Bagan Sel Tumbuhan

71
Organelles

72
Butir Pati dalam Tumbuhan

73
Phloem

74
75
Tabel Bagian-bagian Sel

76
Tabel Bagian-bagian Sel

77
Epidermis

78
Sifat Dasar Cambium

79
II. JARINGAN

80
1. DEFINISI JARINGAN

Sekumpulan sel
yang mempunyai
bentuk dan fungsi yang sama,

Kemudian,
Beberapa jaringan tsb
menyusun organ : akar, batang & daun

81
2. TIPE - TIPE JARINGAN
J. Sederhana = tsusun dr 1 macam sel
1. Tipe sel penyusun
J. Kompleks = tsusun lebih dr 1 macam sel

J. Meristem = sel aktif membelah

2. Sifat sel penyusun
J. Permanen =
Tipe-tipe sel tidak aktif membelah
Jaringan
Jaringan Dermal / Pembungkus

3. Sistem Jaringan Pembuluh

Jaringan Dasar
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JARINGAN MERISTEM

Ciri – Ciri =
- Jaringan dari kumpulan sel muda,
- Terdapat pada titik tumbuh / ujung akar dan batang,
- Berbentuk kubus,
- Berdinding tipis,
- Protoplas penuh.

Sifat =
- Senantiasa membelah,
- Fungsi pertumbuhan

83
TIPE - TIPE JARINGAN MERISTEM

Apikal

1. Berdasar POSISI Interkalar

Lateral
Jaringan Meristem

Primer
2. Berdasar ASAL
Kambium
Sekunder
Fellogen

84
3. CONTOH JARINGAN PADA TUMBUHAN

1. Epidermis / J. Kulit luar

2. Parenkhim / J. Dasar
Contoh
Jaringan 3. Kolenkhim / J. Penunjang

4. Sklerenkhim / J. Penguat

5. Sistem Vaskular / J. Pembuluh

85
4. JARINGAN PADA TUMBUHAN
1. Epidermis
Ciri – Ciri =
- Jaringan kulit luar dan sederhana yg dijumpai
pd permukaan akar, batang, daun & buah.
- Merupakan 1 lapis sel yg seragam,
- Modifikasi sbg sel guard pada daun dan bulu pada akar,
- Rapat tanpa ruang antar sel,
- Umumnya tidak berhijau daun,
- Terdapat lapisan kutikula pada daun dan batang.

Fungsi =
- Melindungi jaringan-jaringan didalamnya,
- Pada akar mengabsorbsi air,
- Pada buah mengandung kromoplas,
- Pada batang mengandung antosian,
- Pada daun terdapat stomata
86
4. JARINGAN PADA TUMBUHAN

2. Parenkhim
Jaringan dasar sederhana yg menyusun sebagian besar
organ tumbuhan.
Terdapat pada akar, batang, daun dan buah.

Ciri – ciri :
- Sel hidup / merismatik
- Dinding tipis dan noktah sederhana
- Bentuk sel bulat, persegi s/d panjang
- Terdapat ruang antar sel
- Ada yg berisi klorofil pd jaringan palisade
- Ada yg berisi pada organ penyimpan cadangan
- Dijumpai pd empulur, korteks, mesofil daun, xilem & floem

87
4. JARINGAN PADA TUMBUHAN

3. Kolenkhim

Jaringan dasar sederhana yg mrp

penguat organ tumbuhan yg muda /
pertumbuhan cepat / aktif.

Ciri –ciri :
- Sel hidup / merismatik
- Dinding sel ada penebalan primer / tak berlignin
- Ulet dan plastis
- Tidak terdapat ruang antar sel
- Banyak dijumpai pd cabang yg masih muda
- Juga tepat dibawah epidermis
88
4. JARINGAN PADA TUMBUHAN
4. Sklerenkhim
Jaringan dasar sederhana yg mrp
penguat organ tumbuhan dewasa.
Membentuk 2 macam bentuk serat, yakni :
Serat dan seklereit.

Ciri – ciri SERAT :

- Sel mati
- Dinding tebal dan penebalan sekunder / berlignin
- Bahan : tali, goni, tekstil, dan katun
Ciri – ciri SEKLEREIT :
- Sel mati
- Dinding sangat tebal dan berlignin
- Bentuk tunggal (butiran pasir)
- Bercabang banyak (tempurung kelapa)
89
4. JARINGAN PADA TUMBUHAN
5. Jaringan Pembuluh
Jaringan kompleks yang tersusun dari jaringan
xilem, floem dan kambium.
a) Unsur penyusun =
- Xilem : sel trakeid, unsur pembuluh, parenkhim,
sklerenkhim.
2. Floem : sel tapis, sel pngiring, parenkhim,
sklerenkhim.
3. Kambium : kumpulan sel-sel yg meristem sekunder / deferensiasi
dr prokambium yg terletak antara xilem & floem
pd organ akar, batang dan daun tanaman dikotil.
b) Perkembangan dan fungsi XILEM =
Trakeid, bentuk sel memanjang & ujung runcing dinding penebalan
Sekunder (gelap, springkel, jala). Bila ujungnya saling menyatu
dan dinding lenyap, terbentuk unsur pembuluh sbg hantaran air
dan unsur hara dari akar ke bagian atas tumbuhan.
Serat dan parenkhim sbg penguat dan pengembang jaringan xilem
90
5. Jaringan Pembuluh

c) Perkembangan dan fungsi FLOEM =

Sel tapis, berkembang membentuk pembuluh tapis, sel-sel yg
mmanjang dan bersatu pada ujungnya. Dinding sel tidak
berlignin dan dinding selangnya berperforasi/ papan tipis.
Fungsi = sbg penghantar fotosintat. Sel pengiring pendamping
pembuluh tapis dan selnya hidup/ parenkhim, serat floem sbg
penguat

d) Jaringan EMPULUR
Jaringan sederhana yg tsusun dari jaringan dasar parenkhim.
Fungsi = penyimpan cadangan makanan.

e) Jaringan CORTEKS
Jaringan sederhana yg tsusun dari jaringan dasar parenkhim,
kholenkhim, kadang jg sklerenkhim dan secretorry sel
91
1. Parenchyma
• Parenchyma cells have only
primary walls that remain thin
• Parenchyma tissue is a mass of
parenchyma cells.
• This is the most common type
of cell and tissue, constituting
all soft parts of a plant.
• Parenchyma cells are active
metabolically and usually Parenchyma cells of geranium; their walls
(green) are thin, and their vacuoles are large
remain alive once they mature. and full of watery contents that did not
stain. Nuclei were present in all cells, but

• Numerous subtypes are because these cells were so large and the
section was cut so thin, most nuclei were
cut away during the preparation of this
specialized for particular tasks slide. One nucleus is still present (× 160).
Photosynthetic parenchyma………….
• Chlorenchyma cells are
parenchyma cells involved in
photosynthesis;
• Abundance of chloroplasts, and
the thinness of the wall is
advantageous for allowing light
and carbon dioxide to pass
through to the chloroplasts.
• Other types of pigmented cells, as
Chlorenchyma cells from a leaf of privet. in flower petals and fruits, also
Because these cells are small and the section
is
must be parenchyma cells with
thicker than that in (a), most of these cells
still have nuclei (red). The green structures
thin walls that permit the
close to the wall (blue) are chloroplasts. The pigments in the protoplasm to be
large white areas are intracellular spaces where
the cells have pulled away from each other. The
seen.
spaces permit carbon dioxide to diffuse rapidly
throughout the leaf (× 160).
 Glandular
parenchyma
• Glandular cells that secrete
nectar, fragrances, mucilage,
resins, and oils are also
parenchyma cells; they typically
contain few chloroplasts but
have elevated amounts of
dictyosomes and endoplasmic
reticulum.
• They must transport large A resinal canal in a pine leaf. The white
area is the central cavity where the resin is
quantities of sugar and minerals stored, and the cells that line the cavity are
glandular parenchyma cells that synthesize and
into themselves, transform secrete the resin. The innermost cells have thin
them metabolically, then walls, which permit movement of resin from the
cells to the cavity. The outer cells have thick
transport the product out. walls, which provide strength; cells with thick
walls are not parenchyma cells (× 160).
 Transport parenchyma
• Transfer cells are parenchyma cells that mediate the short-
distance transport of material by means of a large, extensive
plasma membrane capable of holding numerous molecular
pumps.

Transfer cells in the salt gland of Frankenia grandifolia. The wall ingrowths increase
the surface area of the cell membrane, providing more room for salt-pumping proteins in the
membrane
 Other function…
• Some parenchyma cells function by dying at maturity.
• Structures such as stamens and some fruits must open and
release pollen or seeds; the opening may be formed by
parenchyma cells that die and break down or are torn
apart.
• Large spaces may be necessary inside the plant body; some
of these are formed when the middle lamella decomposes
and cells are released from their neighbors.
• In other cases, the space is formed by the degeneration of
parenchyma cells.
• In a few species, such as milkweeds, as parenchyma cells
die, their protoplasm is converted metabolically into
mucilage or a milky latex
 2. Collenchyma
• Collenchyma cells have a primary wall that remains thin
in some areas but becomes thickened in other areas,
most often in the corners.

Masses of collenchyma cells often occur in the outer parts of stems and leaf stalks; this is part of a Peperomia
stem. The collenchyma forms a band about 8 to 12 cells thick. The inner part of the stem is mostly parenchyma (×
50). (b) Look closely between the cells and notice the fine dark linesthe original, thin primary walls and middle
lamellas. In collenchyma cells, the primary wall gradually becomes thicker at the corners so the protoplast
becomes rounded. No intercellular spaces are present (× 150).
Collenchyma plasticity
• The nature of this wall is important in
understanding why it exists and how it
functions in the plant.
• The wall of collenchyma exhibits
plasticity,
• The ability to be deformed by pressure
or tension and to retain the new shape
even if the pressure or tension ceases.
• Collenchyma is present in elongating
shoot tips that must be long and
flexible, such as those of vining plants
like grapes, as a layer just under the
epidermis or as bands located next to
vascular bundles, making the tips
stronger and more resistant to
breaking
 Collenchyma support ………….
• If a vine or other collenchyma-rich tissue is cut off
from its water supply, it wilts and droops; the
collenchyma is unable to hold up the stem.
• Parenchyma cells are needed in the inner tissues
for support.
• Collenchyma and turgid parenchyma work
together like air pressure and a tire: The tire or
inner tube is extremely strong but is useless for
support without air pressure.
• Similarly, air pressure is useless unless it is
confined by a container. In stems, the tendency
for parenchyma to expand is counterbalanced by
the resistance of the collenchyma, and the stem
becomes rigid
 Collenchyma take place…
• Because the walls of collenchyma cells are thick,
they require more glucose for their production.
• Collenchyma is usually produced only in shoot
tips and young petioles, where the need for extra
strength justifies the metabolic cost.
• Subterranean shoots and roots do not need
collenchyma because soil provides support, but
the aerial roots of epiphytes such as orchids and
philodendrons have a thick layer of collenchyma.
 3. Sclerenchyma
• Sclerenchyma, has both
a primary wall and a
thick secondary wall that
is almost always
lignified.
• These walls have the
property of elasticity
• They can be deformed,
but they snap back to A mass of fiber cells in the leaf of Agave.
their original size and These
are large, heavy, tough leaves, and the fiber
shape when the pressure masses give the leaves strength. Notice that
or tension is released each cell consists mostly of thick secondary
cell wall; the small white space in each is an
area where the protoplast had been before it
died (× 150).
 In mature organ…
• Sclerenchyma cells
develop mainly in
mature organs that
have stopped growing
and have achieved
their proper size and
shape.
• Deforming forces such
as wind, animals, or This is the same mass of fibers as in (a)
snow would probably but
viewed with polarized light. The thick
be detrimental secondary wall shines brightly because its
cellulose molecules are packed in a tight,
crystalline form, giving the wall extra
strength (× 150).
 Interaction P-C-S
• If mature organs had
collenchyma for
support, they would be
reshaped constantly by
storms or animals,
which of course would
not be optimal.
• For example, while
growing and elongating,
a young leaf must be
supported by A stem of bamboo was treated with a
collenchyma if it is to mixture of nitric acid and chromic acid to
continue to grow. dissolve the middle lamellas and allow the
cells to separate from each other. In this
preparation you can see that the fibers are
long and narrow. The shorter, wider cells
are parenchyma
Interaction P-C-S
• But once it has achieved
its mature size and
shape, some cells of the
leaf can mature into
sclerenchyma and
provide elastic support
that maintains the leaf's
shape.
• Unlike collenchyma,
sclerenchyma supports This portion of a leaf of water lily contains
the plant by its strength large, irregularly branched cells that have
alone; if sclerenchyma- stained red. These are known as
rich stems are allowed to astrosclereids (star-shaped sclereids).
wilt, they remain upright The large white spaces are giant
and do not droop. intercellular spaces; this is an
aerenchyma type of parenchyma (× 40).
They are shown at higher magnification in
 Type…

These are sclereids; they are more or less cuboidal, definitely not long like fibers.
These have remained alive at maturity, and nuclei and cytoplasm are visible in
several. The blue-stained channels that cross the walls are pits with cytoplasm.
The pits of each cell connect with those of the surrounding cells so that nutrients
can be transferred from cell to cell, keeping them alive
A star-shaped sclereid, showing only part of its long, arm-like
extensions. The ends of most of the extensions were cut off
when the material was cut to make this slide. Tiny cubic
crystals are present in the wall
• Parenchyma and collenchyma cells can absorb
water so powerfully that they swell and
stretch the wall, thereby growing;
sclerenchyma cell walls are strong enough to
prevent the protoplast from expanding.
• The rigidity of sclerenchyma makes it
unusable for growing shoot tips because it
would prevent further shoot elongation.
 Sclerenchyma Type…..
• Sclerenchyma cells are of
two types conducting
sclerenchyma and
mechanical sclerenchyma.
• The latter type is
subdivided into long fibers
and short sclereids both of
which have thick
secondary walls.
• Because fibers are long,
they are flexible and are
most often found in areas
where strength and
elasticity are important
 Wood…
• The wood of most flowering
plants contains abundant
fibers, and their strength
supports the tree while their
elasticity allows the trunk and
branches to sway in the wind
without breaking (usually) or
becoming permanently bent Wood is composed of several
types of cells. The numerous
• The fiber-rich bark is important small cells with thick walls and
not in holding up the tree but extremely narrow lumens are
fibers. These give the wood
in resisting insects, fungi, and strength and flexibility. The large
other pests round cells that appear to be
empty are vessel elements,; the
small cells with thin walls and
large lumens are wood
 Sclereids
• Sclereids are short and more or less isodiametric
(cuboidal).
• Because sclereids have strong walls oriented in all
three dimensions, sclerenchyma tissue composed
of sclereids is brittle and inflexible.
• Masses of sclereids form hard, impenetrable
surfaces such as the shells of walnuts and
coconuts
• there would be disadvantageous because the soft
seed inside might be crushed even though the
shell remained unbroken.
Living sclerenchyma
• When strength or resistance is the
only selective advantage of
sclerenchyma, the protoplast
usually dies once the secondary
wall has been deposited.
• But in some species, certain
sclerenchyma cells, especially
fibers, remain alive at maturity and
carry out an active metabolism
• These living sclerenchyma cells
most often are involved in storing
starch or crystals of calcium
oxalate.
• Some have rather thin secondary These fiber cells have nuclei, indicating that they
walls, but in others the secondary are living cells. The secondary walls are
walls are just as thick as those of thick, but not so thick as the walls in The small
fibers that die at maturity and dots visible in the walls are pits; these are much
provide only support. narrower than the pits of Figure 5.10d. Leaf of
Smilax (× 150).
5. PROSES TUMBUH & PERKEMBANGAN SEL

SEL JARINGAN ORGAN

- Pembelahan
Mitosis Akar
Miosis Kumpulan sel
Yang mempunyai
- Pembesaran Fungsi Batang
Perubahan isi sel dan bentuk
Yang sama
- Diferensiasi Daun
Proses tumbuh dari sel

112
Jaringan Parenkhim

113
Dinding Sel Kolenkim

114
115
116
Tahap Perkembangan Komponen Pembuluh

117
Sistem Jaringan

118
119
Kambium Pembuluh

120
Irisan Melintang Daun

121
Xylem & Phloem

122
123
III. SISTEM JARINGAN

124
1. DEFINISI SISTEM JARINGAN

Sekumpulan jaringan
yang bekerja pada suatu organ,
dan organ-organ itu
akan menyusun
suatu tubuh tumbuhan

125
2. PERKEMBANGAN MERISTEM

Apikal Meristem / Homogin

1. Protoderm 2. Meristem Dasar 3. Prokambium

Fellogen Epidermis Cortex Pith Pertumbuhan

Primer

Pertumbuhan
Sekunder
Parenkhim
Collenkhim Jar. Floem
Felloderm & Sklerenkhim Xilem sekunder Kambium
Fellem Skretory Floem sekunder Jar. Xilem

126
 3. LOKASI / POSISI

Jadi perkembangan tumbuhan, melalui

1. Pertumbuhan primer, pada = apikal meristem dan

interkalar meristem,
2. Pertumbuhan sekunder, pada = lateral meristem

1. Apikal meristem : pada ujung akar dan batang

2. Interkalar meristem : pada bagian atas dan bawah
ruas
3. Lateral meristem : diantara xilem, floem &
felloderm
127
Jaringan Phloem Batang Tembakau

128
4. PERTUMBUHAN SEKUNDER
Menjadikan umur tanaman
Pertumbuhan Menjadi lebih panjang
Sekunder Secara individu

Fascicular cambium
1. Pembentukan
Kambium Vaskuler
Interfascicular cambium

Pertumbuhan
Sekunder
Fellem
2. Pembentukan
Kambium Gabus
Felloderm

129
5. Kambium Vaskuler / CCV
1. Vascicular Cambium
Kambium awal terbentuk dalam ikatan vaskular

2. Interfascicular Cambium
Pembentukan Sel meristem dasar berdiferensiasi menjadi
j. parenkhim diantara ikatan pembuluh dan
meristem. Fungsi = spt kambium

Kambium 1. Vascicular Cambium

Vaskuler Inisial kambium/ kambial, terdiri dari :
- Ray Inisial/ sel kecil = bulat & dlm klp reguler,
- Fusiform Inisial/ sel panjang = dinding tipis
Perkembangan :
- menjadi jari-jari vascikuler,
Pertumbuhan - menjadi serat, trakeid element pembuluh,
- sel pendamping dan tabung ayak

2. Interfascicular Cambium
Meneruskan produksi sel parenkhim,
Sbg xilem dan floem tertentu
130
6. Kambium Gabus / Fellogen

- Posisi : pada lapisan terluar jaringan korteks,

- Terdapat gabus yang berlapis suberin,
- Suberin berpermiabel thp O2 dan H2O,
- Retakan jaringan korteks,

- Epidermis akibat perkembangan vaskuler,

merupakan pelindung thp evaporasi,
melalui lentisel yg tdapat pd batang muda

131
IV. ORGAN
Ke bawah Tudung akar
Ujung akar
/ apikal meristem
Ke atas
AKAR
Meristem dasar :
Korteks Prokambium vaskuler :
sbg endodermis - pericycle :
 akar lateral,
 kambium gabus,
Organ Protoderm :  kambium vaskuler
epidermis - primer xilem
- kambium vaskuler
- primer floem
- empulur
DAUN

daerah absisi
trace gab leaf
140
 The cell is the Basic Unit of Life

• Cell is the smallest unit of living organisms

• Unicellular organisms are made of one cell
only
• The cells of multicellular organisms are
specialized to perform different functions
– e.g. mesophyll cells for photosynthesis
and root hair cells for water absorption

141
The Structures of a Leaf
(Plant Organ)
Chloroplast
Palisade
Mesophyll Cell
Spongy Mesophyll
Cell

Air Space

Stoma
142
 …………………………… modified
• the basic structures of leaves, stems,
and roots have been modified so
extensively in some species they may
not be recognizable without careful
study
• Cacti are often described as leafless,
but they actually have small green
leaves between 100 and 1000 µm
long
• A large, broad leaf would be
selectively disadvantageous for these
desert plants (why.? 1.)
This prickly pear (Opuntia) shows that one
plant can have two types of shoot: the "pad" is the main shoot, and
the spine clusters are highly modified branch shoots. One of the
spine-bearing branches has been stimulated to develop into the
first type of shoot and become the earlike branches. The plant also
has two types of leaves, small fleshy leaves on the young buds and
spines on the axillary branches.
Temporary modified………………..
• Some flowering plants are only
have stems temporary, … reduced
structures.
• Orchids such as Campylocentrum
pachyrrhizum and Harrisella
porrecta consist of a mass of green
photosynthetic roots connected to
a tiny portion of stem; roots
constitute almost the entire plant This orchid plant of the
body genus Polyradicion
• The shoot becomes active only lindenii is composed
when flowers are to be produced. almost completely of
photosynthetic roots; only
• hypothesized ….these species had a small portion of shoot
roots that were more resistant to remains. Unlike most
water stress than their stems were roots, these occur above
ground and are green,
being rich in chloroplasts.