CONTENTS

• HISTORY
• WHAT IS GPS?
• GPS ELEMENTS
• HOW IT WORKS
• GPS SIGNALS AND FREQUENCIES
• SOURCE OF GPS SINGNALS ERRORS
• HOW TO IMPROVE THE ACCURACEY OF GPS
• LIMITATIONS
• APPLICATIONS
• FUTURE OF GPS
• CONCLUSION
 HISTORY
 Navigating by stars(requires dear nights and careful measurements) most widely used for
centuries.

 The GPS project was developed in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous navigation
systems.

 GPS was created and realized by the U.S. Department of defence and was originally run with
24 satellites.

 It became fully operational in 1995. ”Bradford Parkinson”, “Roger L Easton”, and “lvan A.
Getting ” are credited with inventing it.
 WHAT IS GPS?
 GPS means

 A space-based satellite navigation system provides location and time

information in all weather.

 Maintained by the united states government and is freely accessible

by anyone with a GPS receiver.
 OVERVIEW
 Official name: “Navigational satellite Timing And Ranging Global positioning
System”

 Consist of 30+ GPS satellites in medium Earth orbit (2000km-35,000km).

 Made up of two dozen satellite working in harmony are known as satellite

constellation.
 GPS
ELEMENTS

Three Segments:
 Space segment
 Control segment
 User segment
 SPACE SEGMENT
 GPS Satellites fly in circular orbits at an altitude of 20,000 km and with a period of 12 hours.

 Powered by solar cells.

 The satellites continuously orient themselves to point their solar panels toward the sun and their
antenna toward the earth.

 Orbital planes are centered on the Earth.

 Orbits are designed so that at least six satellites are always within line of sight from any location on
the planet.
 CONTORL SEGMENT

 The cs consist of three entities:

 Master Control System

 Monitor Stations

 Ground Antennas
 USER SEGMENT
• GPS receivers are generally composed of

• An antenna (tuned to the frequencies transmitted by the satellites).

• Receiver-processors, and
• Highly-stable clock(commonly a crystal oscillator).

• They can also include a display for showing location and speed information to the user.
• A receiver is often described by its number of channels

• As of recent receivers usually have between twelve to twenty channels.

 WORKING PRINCIPLE

Geometric Principle:

you can find one’s location if you know its distance from other, already-known
locations.

Things which need to be determined

 Current Locations of GPS Satellites.
 The distance between receiver’s position and the GPS satellites.
 CURRENT LOCATIONS OF GPS
SATELLITES

• GPS satellites are orbiting the earth at an altitude of 11,000 miles.

• The orbits and the locations of the satellites are known in advance.

• GPS receivers store this orbit information for all of the GPS
satellites in an ALMANAC.
 DISTANCE B/W RECEIVERS POSITION AND
GPS SATELLITES

A GPS receiver can tell its own position by using the position data of itself, and compares that
data with 3 or more GPS satellites.

• To get the distance of each satellite:

• By measuring the amount of time taken by radio signal(GPS signal) to travel form the satellite to the
receiver.
• Radio waves travel at the speed of light i.e. about 186,000 miles per second.
• The distance from the satellite to the receiver can be determined by the formula
distance= Speed*time
Hence, receivers position find out using trilateration.
 ACCURACY

 The position calculated by a GPS receiver relies on three accurate measurements:

1. Current time
2. Position of the satellite
3. Time delay for the signal
 The GPS signal in space will provide a worst case accuracy of 7.8meters at a 95%
confidence level
 GPS time is accurate to about 14 nanoseconds
 Higher accuracy available today by using GPS in combination with augmentation
systems. These enable real-time positioning to within a few centimetres.
 LIMITATIONS

• GPS can be provide worldwide, three dimensional positions, 24 hours a day,

in any type of weather.

• But three must be a relatively clear line of sight between the GPS antenna
and four or more satellites.

• Hence it becomes too difficult to ensure reliable positioning. These

difficulties are particularly prevalent in urban areas.

• The GPS signal may bounce off nearby objects causing another problem
called multipath interference.
 APPLICATIONS

 surveying: Surveyors use absolute

locations to make maps and determine
property boundaries.

 Telematics: GPS technology integrated

with computers and mobile communication.
 APPLICATION-MILITARY

• GPS integrated into fighters, tankers, helicopters, ships,

submarines, tanks, jeeps, and soldier’s equipment.

• Target tracking.

• Search and rescue.

 HOW IT WORKS
• Device is installed inside the vehicle.

• Device is located by satellite via GPS.

• GPS value is sent to server via GPRS.

• Server stores the data for 365 days.

• Log on to the website to monitor.

 CONCLUSION

 GPS, a satellite based navigation system, thus can be used to

determine the position of an object on earth.
 Its application field is vast and new applications will continue to be
created as the technology evolves.
 GPS can also interfaced with other similar projects such as EU’s
GALILEO to account for unpredictable applications.
 Thus, the GPS constellation, like manmade stars in the sky, can be
used for guiding and navigation.