DISAMPAIKAN PADA KULIAH MATRIKULASI PPDS-I :

FK.UNDIP/RSDK
JANUARI 2012
 CRANIUM
Skull
consists of bones that form the cranium, the face
and the middle ears.
•Cranium
•Frontal
•Parietal (2)
•Temporal (2)– including mastoid process
(behind the ear).
•Occipital bone
•Sphenoid (2)– including sella turcica (Turkish
sadle).
•Ethmoid bone (2)
•Nasal bones
Sutures – Immovable joints that
join skull bones together
•Lamboidal – between the
parietal and occipital
•Squamous – between the
parietal and temporal
•Coronal – between parietal and
frontal
•Sagittal – between parietal
bones
•Face
•Maxilla – upper jawbones
•Zygomatic bones – cheek bones; help form eye
orbit.
•Mandible – lower jawbone.
•Lacrimal bones – form medial wall of the eye
socket and side of nasal cavity.
•Palatine – forms back part of the roof of the
mouth, part of the orbit.
•Vomer – forms lower, back part of nasal
septum.
• Middle ear
Ear bones – from the outside in..
 Malleus – hammer
 Incus – anvil
 Stapes – stirrup
 X-rays use invisible electromagnetic energy beams
to produce images of internal tissues, bones, and
organs on film. Standard x-rays are performed for
many reasons, including diagnosing tumors or
bone injuries.
 X-rays are made by using external radiation to
produce images of the body, its organs, and other
internal structures for diagnostic purposes. X-rays
pass through body tissues onto specially treated
plates (similar to camera film) and a "negative"
type picture is made (the more solid a structure is,
the whiter it appears on the film).
 While x-rays of the skull are not used as often as in
the past, due to the use of newer technologies such
as computed tomography (CT scans) and magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI), they remain valuable for
evaluating the bones of the skull for fractures and
detecting other conditions of the skull and brain.
 A skull x-ray may detect increased intracranial
pressure and unusual skull structures that are
present at birth (congenital).
 Abnormal results may be due to:
1. Fracture
2. Tumor
3. Erosion or decalcification of the bone
4. Movement of the soft tissues inside the skull
ANATOMI SINUS PARANASAL
(Overview)

7 bones
4 paired sinuses
4 turbinates
3 meati
Drainage system
Nervous supply
Vascular supply
Related structures

15
 SRUKTUR TULANG PARANASALIS

• Ethmoid
• Maxilla
• Palatine
• Lacrimal
• Pterygoid plate of
Sphenoid
• Nasal Inferior
Turbinate

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 SISTEM ARTERIA
A. External Carotid
• Maxillary A.
 Sphenopalatine

B. Internal Carotid
• Ophthalmic A.
 Ant. Ethmoid
 Post. Ethmoid
Supraorbital
Supratrochlear

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PERSARAFAN

20
Neurovascular Supply

21
Sinus Drainage Schema

22
Frontal

Maxillary

Ethmoid

Sphenoid
 Second largest sinuses
 2 – 2.5 cm

 Normally:
 Between tables of
vertical plate in frontal
bone
 Can extend beyond
frontal bone inot the
orbital plates

 Rarely symmetrical

 Number varies
(occassionally absent)

 Drain into middle nasal

meatus Copyright © 2005, Mosby, Inc.
 Largest sinuses
 3.5 cm high
 2.5 – 3 cm wide

 Within maxilla
 Above upper teeth

 Paired & symmetric

 Communicates with
middle nasal meatus
Copyright © 2005, Mosby, Inc.
 Within lateral masses
of ethmoid bone

 Three groups:
 Anterior, middle &
posterior

 Anterior & middle

 2-8 cells
 Drains into middle
nasal meatus

 Posterior
 2-6 cells
 Drain into superior
nasal meatus
Copyright © 2005, Mosby, Inc
 Below sella turcica
 Extends between
dorsum sellae and
post clinoid
processes

 Can be single or
paired
 Usually no more
than two

 Drains into
sphenoethmoidal
recess of nasal cavity
Copyright © 2005, Mosby, Inc
Vertebral Column
 Also called the spine, backbone, or spinal
column
 Functions to:
 Protect the spinal cord
 Support the head
 Serve as a point of attachment for the ribs, pelvic
girdle, and muscles
 The vertebral column is curved to varying
degrees in different locations
 Curves increase the column strength
 Help maintain balance in the upright position
 Absorb shocks during walking, and help protect the
vertebrae from fracture
Vertebral Column
 Various conditions may exaggerate the normal
curves of the vertebral column
 Kyphosis
 Lordosis
 Scoliosis
 Composed of a series of bones called
vertebrae (Adult=26)
 7 cervical are in the neck region
 12 thoracic are posterior to the thoracic cavity
 5 lumbar support the lower back
 1 sacrum consists of five fused sacral vertebrae
 1 coccyx consists of four fused coccygeal vertebrae
Vertebral Column (Intervertebral Discs)

 Found between the bodies of adjacent

vertebrae
 Functions to:
◦ Form strong joints
◦ Permit various movements of the vertebral
column
◦ Absorb vertical shock
 Vertebrae typically consist of:
◦ A Body (weight bearing)
◦ A vertebral arch (surrounds the spinal cord)
◦ Several processes (points of attachment for
muscles)
Vertebral Column

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Vertebral Column (Regions)
 Cervical Region
 Cervical vertebrae (C1–C7)
 The atlas (C1) is the first cervical vertebra
 The axis (C2) is the second cervical vertebra
 Thoracic Region
 Thoracic vertebrae (T1–T12)
 Articulate with the ribs
 Lumbar Region
 Lumbar vertebrae (L1–L5)
 Provide for the attachment of the large back muscles
 Sacrum
 The sacrum is a triangular bone formed by the union of five sacral
vertebrae (S1–S5)
 Serves as a strong foundation for the pelvic girdle
 Coccyx
 The coccyx, like the sacrum, is triangular in shape
 It is formed by the fusion of usually four coccygeal vertebrae

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Vertebral Column

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Vertebral Column

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Vertebral Column

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Vertebral Column

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Cervical Vertebrae

Ventral Dorsal View

Cervical Vertebrae
 C2 or the axis
 The “no joint”
 Broad, narrow spinous
process
 Dens (or odontoid
process)
C2 and Dens

Lateral Oblique View

The Occipital-atlas-axis joint
 Defines the
articulation that
occurs between the:
 Occipital condyles
 Atlas
 Axis
 Synovial joint
The Atlanto-axial joint
 No intervertebral disc
between C1 and C2
 Position of C2 spinous
process in relation to
C1
 Articulation of the dens
(of C2) with C1
 Ligaments of the dens
○ 4 ligaments
○ Stabilize articulation
Atlantoaxial Subluxation
Cervical Vertebrae

 C3-C5 are very

similar in size and
shape
 C6 has a
prominent
transverse process
Thoracic Vertebrae
 First nine vertebrae
are similar, the last
four have minor
differences
 Vertebral bodies are
shorter than cervical
bodies
 Large spinous
processes
Thoracic Vertebrae
 T11 is the anticlinal
segment
 The direction of the
spinous processes
changes from caudal to
cranial direction
 The intervertebral disc
space often is more
narrow at T10-11
Thoracic Vertebrae

 Thoracic vertebrae
articulate with the
ribs
 Costal foveas on
the vertebral body
articulate with ribs
Hemivertebrae and Fused Dorsal
Spinous Processes
Lumbar Vertebrae
 Longer vertebral
bodies than thoracic
 Wide spinous
processes
 Longest transverse
processes
 Accessory processes
 Indistinct ventral body
L3 and L4
Sacral vertebrae
 Three separate vertebrae
fuse to form the sacrum

 Wings- articulate with ilia

to form the sacroiliac joint

 Median sacral crest

 Concave pelvic surface

 Obstetric importance
Sacrum

Ventral Dorsal View

Caudal Vertebrae
 Vary in number
 Tail docking, trauma,
congenital
 Cd 1 is long and
wide
 Succeeding
vertebrae lengthen
and then shorten