A

SEMINAR
ON
DISTRIBUTED POWER GENERATION
NAME : AYUSHI DHANANJAY BARAD
YEAR : THIRD
ROLLNO. : 174102
GUIDED BY : MR. RAJESH U SHELKE
ACADEMIC YEAR :2019-2020
CONTENT
• Introduction
• How Distributed Generation works?
• Types of Distributed Energy Sources
• Cost factor
• Modes of Power Generation
• Power Quality Issues
• Islanding
• Direct use of Distributed Generation
• Advantages and Disadvantages
• Conclusion
• Reference
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
INTRODUCTION

• Distributed Generation in simple terms can be defined as a small scale generation . It

is active power generating unit that is connected at distribution level .
• IEEE Defines the generation of electricity by facilities sufficiently smaller than central
plants , so as to allow interconnection at nearly any point in the power system .
• Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) defines distributed generation from a few
kilowatts up to 50 MW
• Distributed Generation is also called as on-site generation .
• Most countries generate electricity in large centralised facilities , such as fossil
fuels ( coal , gas powered ) , nuclear , large solar power plants or
hydropower plants . These plants have excellent economy of scale , but
usually transmit electricity long distances and can negatively affect the
environment .
• Distributed generation allows collection of energy from many sources and
may give lower environmental impacts and improved security of supply .
• Distributed generation reduces the amount of energy lost in transmitting
electricity because the electricity is generated very near where it is used
HOW DISTRIBUTED GENERATION WORKS ?
• Distributed generation as generation that is not centrally planned , centrally
dispatched at present , usually connected to the distribution network , and
smaller than 50-100 MW .
• These generations are distributed throughout the power system closer to the
loads as shown in previous slide .
• The distributed generation penetration in the grid possess new challenges and
problems to the network operators as these can have a significant impact on
the system and equipment operations in terms of reliability , power quality ,
stability and safety for both customers and electricity suppliers .
TYPES OF DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES

• Cogeneration :
Distributed cogeneration sources uses steam turbines , natural gas-fired fuel
cells , micro turbines or reciprocating engines to turn generators on . The hot
exhaust is then used for space or water heating , or to drive an absorptive
chiller for cooling such as air-conditioning.
• Vehicle-to-grid :
Future generations of electric vehicles may have the ability to deliver power
from the battery in a vehicle-to-grid into the grid when needed . An electric
vehicle network could also be an important Distributed generation resource .
• Solar panel :
Popular sources of power for distributed generation are solar heat
collection panels and solar panels on the roofs of buildings or free
standing. Solar heating panels are used mostly for heating water and when
the water is heated into steam , it can effectively and economically used in
steam turbines to produce electricity .

..
• Wind turbine :
Another source is small wind turbines . These have low
maintenance , and low pollution , however as with solar , wind
energy is intermittent . Construction costs are higher than large
power plants , except in very windy areas .
• Waste-to-Energy :
Municipal solid waste (MSW) and natural waste , such as sewage sludge,
Food waste and animal manure will decompose and discharge methane
containing gas that can be collected as used as fuel in gas turbine or micro turbine
to produce electricity as a distributed energy resource .
COST FACTOR
Cogenerators are also more expensive per watt than central generators. They
find favour because most buildings already burn fuels , and the cogeneration can
extract more value from the fuel . Also local production has no electricity
transportation losses on long distance power lines or energy losses as compared
to Central generation . Hence for local use DG are more suitable form of
alternative .
 MODES OF POWER GENERATION
DER systems may include the following technologies :
• Combined heat and power (CHP)
• Fuel cells
• Micro combined heat and power (Micro CHP)
• Micro turbines
• Photovoltaic systems
• Reciprocating engines
• Small wind power systems
• Tri generation
 POWER QUALITY ISSUES :-
• A major issue related to interconnection of Distributed resources onto the power
grid is the potential impacts on the quality of power provided to other consumers
connected to the grid .
• Voltage regulation :
Over voltages due to reverse power flow
If the downstream DG output exceeds the downstream feeder load , there is an
increase in the feeder voltage with increasing distance . If the substation end
voltage is held to near the maximum allowable value , voltages downstream on the
feeder can exceed the acceptable range .
• DG Grounding Issue :
A grid connected DG , whether directly or through a transformer , should
provide an effective ground to prevent un-faulted phases from over-voltage
during a single phase to ground fault . Proper grounding analysis of DG will
ensure compatibility with grounding for both the primary and secondary power
systems .
• Harmonic Distrortion :
Voltage harmonics are virtually always present on the utility grid . Nonlinear
loads , power electronic loads effects of the harmonics include overheating and
equipment failure , faulty operation of protective devices , nuisance tripping of
a sensitive load and interference with communication circuits .
 Islanding
It occurs when a small region of the power grid is isolated by broken Lines
etc and yet local sources provide enough power to keep the voltages up .
In case the DG in the distribution is capable to meet the load demand , DG
can be operated in the island mode and continue to energise the distribution
system .
 DIRECT USE OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
• Photovoltaic (PV) , wind micro combined heat and power (CHP) and many
others produce power locally for direct use , reducing the need for
transmission of power to grid and distribution .
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
• Advantages
1. Reliability
Storms and falling of trees threatens the grid but Distributed generation don’t have such problems .
2. Flexibility
Investment in Distributed generation is less hence can switch to other options of generation very quickly .
3. Economy of scale
Mass production of small plants will drive down the cost .
4. Diversity
Distributed generation allows use of variety of power generation technology decreasing our dependency on
one source .
5. Higher efficiency
Transmission and distribution losses are reduced hence efficiency of distributed generation is high .
• Disadvantages
1. Power Quality
2. Cost of operation and maintenance
3. Long term reliability of the units
4. Interconnection
CONCLUSION
The distributed generation help us to reduce the cost of the transmission line and
the transmission line and the transmission losses . Distributed generation playing
important roles in the field of the electricity generation whereas there are
different issues related to power quality when DR is integrated with the existing
power system .
It can be concluded that when interconnecting DR to the power system , these
issues must be considered which could affect power quality and safety .
 REFERENCES

• www.clarke-energy.com
• http://www.forbes.com/sites/peterdetwiler/solar-grid-parity-comes-to-
spain/
• http://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/Spain-Achieves-Grid-
Parity-for-Solar-Power.html
• Boyle , Godfrey , Renewable energy , Second Edition .
THANK YOU
ANY QUESTIONS ?