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Data
Communications 2
Assignment
Subnetting
Subnetting
is the practice of dividing a network into two or more smaller networks or a
strategy used to partition a single physical network into more than one smaller logical
sub-networks (subnets)
process of stealing bits from the HOST part of an IP address in order to divide
the larger network into smaller sub-networks called subnets
applying the concept of extended network addresses to an individual
computer (and another network device) addresses
Why do we need Subnetting?
To reduce wastage of IP addresses
To improves the overall performance of a network
To Isolation
Isolate effectively as faults inside one subnet will not necessarily spread into
other subnets
Important during security incidents that when one subnet is affected, the
entire network is not brought down
To helps to reduce the network traffic and conceals network complexity
To increases routing efficiency, enhances the security of the network
and reduces the size of the broadcast domain
Allows an organization to add sub-networks without the need to
acquire a new network number via the Internet service provider (ISP)
Is essential when a single network number has to be allocated over
numerous segments of a local area network (LAN).
designed for solving the shortage of IP addresses over the Internet.
A Large Network Without Subnetting
A single Broadcast Domain
All hosts in Accounting and Marketing
Department have the same broadcast address
A broadcast sent by any device on the network
will be received by all hosts
Network Security Problem
Sensitive information from server are in
the same network as an user workstation
Organizational Problems
Accounting and Marketing departments are
Large network with an IP Address 10.0.0.0/24. All usually grouped into different subnets
Hosts in the same Subnet.
The Large Network After Subnetting
Accounting IP Address 10.0.0.0/24
Accounting and Marketing
departments have different Broadcast
domain.
Less amount of traffic flowing in the
network
Allows packet filtering (regulation of
incoming and ongoing message) on
the router
Marketing IP Address 10.1.0.0/24
To understand how Subnetting
works, Lets take a Quick look at the
Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4)
vocabulary terms Used
Address - The unique number ID assigned to one host or interface in
a network.
Subnet - A portion of a network that shares a particular subnet
address
Subnet mask - A 32-bit combination used to describe which portion
of an address refers to the subnet and which part refers to the host
Interface - A network connection
• IP Addresses
• An IP address is an address used in order to uniquely identify a device
on an IP network
• The address is made up of 32 binary bits, which can be divisible into a
network portion and host portion with the help of a subnet mask
• The 32 binary bits are broken into four octets (1 octet = 8 bits)
• Each octet is converted to decimal and separated by a period (dot)
• For this reason, an IP address is said to be expressed in dotted
decimal format (for example, 172.16.81.100)
• The value in each octet ranges from 0 to 255 decimal, or 00000000 -
11111111 binary.
binary octets convert to decimal with ones(1’s)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
(128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 255)
Sample octet conversion when not
all of the bits are set to 1
• 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
• 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
• 0 64 0 0 0 0 0 1
( 0 + 64 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 65 )