RESEARCH 1

13MSC17A
REPORT OUTLINE

I. Major Paradigms of Research

a) Quantitative
b) Qualitative
c) Mixed Method
Comparison, advantages and disadvantages
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

• “Quantitative methods emphasize objective

measurements and the statistical, mathematical,
or numerical analysis of data collected through
polls, questionnaires, and surveys, or by
manipulating pre- existing statistical data using
computational techniques. Quantitative
research focuses on gathering numerical data
and generalizing it across groups of people or
to explain a particular phenomenon”
WHEN DO QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH?

• If your study aims to find out the answer to an inquiry through numerical evidence, then you should
make use of the Quantitative Research.

• At the beginning of a design process to uncover innovations. Use quantitative research at the end of a
design process to measure improvement.

• French sociology Pierre Bourdieu followed a typical arc to the narrative research by first investigating
economic class in an open-ended fashion. Once he established what he thought was going on, he tested
these ideas with large surveys.
THERE ARE FOUR MAIN TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH:

1. Descriptive
2. Co relational
3. Causal-Comparative/Quasi-Experimental
4. Experimental Research.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

• Qualitative research is a process of

naturalistic inquiry that seeks in-depth
understanding of social phenomena
within their natural setting. It focuses
on the "why" rather than the "what" of
social phenomena and relies on the
direct experiences of human beings as
meaning-making agents in their every
day lives.
WHAT IS A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

• Qualitative research is a type of scientific research. In general terms, scientific research

consists of an investigation that:
seeks answers to a question

 systematically uses a predefined set of procedures to answer the question

collects evidence

produces findings that were not determined in advance

produces findings that are applicable beyond the immediate boundaries of the study
WHEN TO USE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

• Study human behavior and behavior changes

• Study the variations of complex human behavior in context
• Connecting quantitative data to behavior using qualitative methods
• Use qualitative methods to find patterns
• Hypothesis-generating or testing
• New area of research
• Causes and effects
• Exploratory study
MIXED METHOD RESEARCH

• Mixed methods research is a methodology

for conducting research that involves
collecting, analysing and integrating
quantitative (e.g., experiments, surveys) and
qualitative (e.g., focus groups, interviews)
research
• It is a procedure for collecting, analyzing and
“mixing” both quantitative and qualitative
methods in a single study or a series of
studies to understand a research problem.
WHEN TO CONDUCT A MIXED METHODS STUDY?

• When we have both quantitative and qualitative data

• When one type of research is not enough to explain or to answer the question
• When we want qualitative research to help explain quantitative findings
• When we want to generalize findings to a large population
• When we want to provide alternative perspectives in a study
TYPES OF MIXED METHODS DESIGN

• Sequential Explanatory
Collection and analysis of quantitative data followed by a collection and analysis of
qualitative data.

• Sequential Exploratory
An initial phase of qualitative data collection and analysis followed by a phase of quantitative
data collection and analysis.
• Sequential Transformative
Collection and analysis of either quantitative or qualitative data first. The results are
integrated in the interpretation phase.
Sequential Explanatory

Sequential Exploratory

Sequential Transformative
TYPES OF MIXED METHODS DESIGN

• Concurrent Triangulation
Two or more methods used to confirm, cross-validate, or corroborate findings within a
study. Data collection is concurrent.
• Concurrent Nested
A nested approach that gives priority to one of the methods and guides the project, while
another is embedded or “nested.”
• Concurrent Transformative
The use of a theoretical perspective reflected in the purpose or research questions of the
study to guide all methodological choices.
 Concurrent Triangulation

Concurrent embedded design

Concurrent Transformative
 Quantitative Research
ADVANTAGES OF -Less time intensive
-Increased reliability and validity
QUANTITATIVE, -Easy to administer
QUALITATIVE AND MIXED -Findings can be compared between
groups
METHOD RESEARCH

Qualitative Research
Mixed Method design
-Rich Data
-Time required. -Discrepancies
-Personal Approach
between different types of data.
-Easily adapted for cultural
-Can be difficult to decide when
sensitivity
to proceed in sequential designs.
-Compelling information
-Little guidance on transformative
-Good for exploratory research and methods
hyphothesis generation.
 ADVANTAGES OF Quantitative Research
- The context of the study or experiment is
QUANTITATIVE, ignored
QUALITATIVE AND MIXED -Does not study things in a natural setting
METHOD RESEARCH - A large sample of the population must be
studied for more accurate results.

Mixed Method Research

-Time required.
Qualitative Research
-Discrepancies between different
- It is more difficult to determine the types of data.
validity and reliability of linguistic data.
-Can be difficult to decide when to
-More subjectivity involved. proceed in sequential designs.
-Data overbad and the time consuming. -Little guidance on transformative
methods.