2.

Zaki Bassiouni, THEORY, MEASUREMENT, AND

INTERPRETATION OF WELL LOGS, SPE TEXTBOOK SERIES
VOL 4@1994.
REFERENCES
1. Schlumberger , ‘ LOG INTERPRETATION
PRINCIPLES/APPLICATIONS ” 1989
2. M. A. MIAN, “ PETROLEUM ENGINEERING Handbook for the
Practicing Engineer ’, Volume I, PennWell Books , 1992
3. Joseph R Hearst, Philip H Nelson, Frederick L Paillett “ WELL LOGGING
for Physical Properties” A Handbook for Geophysicists , Geologists, and
Engineers , John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 2000.
4. Ph. THEYS, 1991. “ LOG DATA ACQUISITION AND QUALITY
CONTROL” T EDITIONS TECHNIP, 27 RUE GINOUX 75737 PARIS
CEDEX 15.
5. Petro Canada “ Fundamentals of Core Analysis and Special Core Analysis’,
PTT.EP. Training, 1988.
6. Toby Darling,2005.”Well Logging and Formation Evaluation”,Elsevier.
GRADING
Homework 30 % Quiz I, II 20 %
Mid Term 25 % Final Exam 25 %
Logging
Raw Wireline Log
Caliper Medium Resistivity Density
Neutron
Gamma Ray Deep Resistivity Sonic
Interpretation Result
Total Gas Deep
Gamma Ray Porosity Lithology Resistivity
SW

Shale

Sand

ØT
ØT
ØT
Logging
Logging
Typical wireline logging
equipment
Logging Units
in the Gulf of
Thailand
T7 URF – online
logging
Logging System
Winch
Operations
Multi-
conductor
Cable
Cable servicing
Rig-Up
API Standard “Log”

Header
Well
diagram
Tool
String
diagram
The Header
The Log Format
Raw Wireline Log
Caliper Medium Resistivity Density
Neutron
Gamma Ray Deep Resistivity Sonic
Interpretation Result
Total Gas Deep
Gamma Ray Porosity Lithology Resistivity
SW

Shale

Sand

ØT
FORMATION EVALUATION

1. WELL LOGGINGS
Driller’s Logs, Mud Logs
ELECTRIC WIRE LINE LOGS

2. CORE ANALYSIS

3. WELL TESTING
Repeated Formation Tester(RFT)
Drill Stem Test (DST)
Production Test (PT)
Driller”s
Logs,
Mud Logs
Wireline Logging
1. Porosity and Formation Factor
2. Spontaneous Potential Logs
3. Resistivity Logs
4. Schematic Invasion and Resistivity Profile
5. Classification of Resistivity Logs
6. Radioactivity Logs
6.1Gamma Ray (GR)
6.2Density Logs
6.3Neutron Logs
6.4Sonic Logs
7.Advanced and Special Devices
8.Cased Hole Logging
9.Major phenomena and parameters
10.Trade Names of The Major Measurement
Tools
Why Log A
Well?
 Why Resistivity
• Distinguish between water-bearing and
hydrocarbon-bearing formations

• Determine true formation resistivity (Rt) for

calculating uninvaded zone water saturation
(Sw)

• Estimate diameter of invasion

• Indicate moveable hydrocarbons

 1000
Conductivity =
(mmohm) Resistivity (ohms-m)

Resistivity measures the electric properties of the formation:

• conductors: pass electrical currents; e.g. water, shale, mud,

etc
• insulators: don’t allow electrical currents to flow; e.g.
hydrocarbons, rock matrix, etc

Resistivity is measured as: Rsubscript in W per m (ohm-m)

Resistivity is the inverse of conductivity
Conductivity is typically expressed as: milli mohms
(mmohm)
The resistivity of some materials

Material Resistivity (W-m)

Marble 5×107  109

Quartz 1012  3×1014

Petroleum 2×1014

Distilled water 5×103

Clay / Shale < 2  10

Salt water-bearing sand 0.5  10

Oil-bearing sand 5  103

“Tight” limestone 103

Some definitions
Where Ro is the wet
formation resistivity
Where Ro is the wet
formation resistivity
Where
Ro is the wet formation resistivity
Fr is the formation resistivity factor
The length of the current path increases as the
tortuous of the pore system increases
Tortuosity factor (a) and cementation factor (m)
Archie’s Experiments

Archie method to derive his

conclusion was quite simple. He
took a number of cores of
different porosity and saturated
each one with a variety of brine.
He could then measure, at each
brine salinity, the resistivity of the
water, Rw and the resistivity of
the 100% water saturated rock
system, Ro. When he plotted the
results he saw a series of straight
lines with slope F as shown here
Archie’s Experiments
Log-Log plot of F vs Porosity

Archie found that laboratory measurements of

F could also be related to the porosity of the
rock by an equation of the form;

Where a and m are experimentally determined

constants; a is usually close to 1 and m is
usually close to 2

Log(F) = Log(a) –
m*Log(Phi)
Calculate Rwa based on
Archie equations

Hence in a 100% water bearing

interval we can calculate Rw if we
know porosity and the measured
resistivity. Assuming we know the
Calculate Rwa based on Archie equations
Where
Ro is the wet formation
resistivity
Rt is the true
resistivity
The Archie Equation
Tortuosity Factor and
Cementation Exponent Formation Water Resistivity

a Rw
Sw  n m 
 Rt
Saturation Exponent
Porosity Uninvaded Zone Resistivity
• a
 Related to the rock conductivity
 Usually 1
• m
 Cementation or Porosity exponent
 Usually 2
 Lower in rocks containing hydraulically connected pores
(fractures)
 Higher in rocks containing hydraulically isolated pores
(vugs)
• n
 Saturation exponent
 Usually 2
 Varies by degree of wetability - Oil Wet = high “n”
 ROUTINE CORE ANALYSIS
A. POROSITY MEASUREMENT

BULK VOLUME
- LIQUID DISPLACEMENT
- CALIPERING & CALCULATIO

SUMMATION OF FLUID

GAS TRANSFER
-BOYLE'S LAW POROSIMETER

LIQUID RESATURATION
TOLOENE ,KOBE POROSIMETER

GRIAN DENSITY
-BOYLE'S LAW

MEASUREMENT  UNDER CONFINING PRESSURE

HYDROSTATIC LOAD CELL
1. ROCK & FLUID PROPERTIES

1.1 ROCK PROPERTIES

POROSITY
PERMEABILITY
SATURATION

WETTABILITY

COMPRESSIBILITY

FORMATION FACTOR
POROSITY
 Reservoir Rock Properties
A. POROSITY
= φ = volume of pore
Bulk volume
 Absolute porosity
 Effective (interconnected) porosity
 Primary porosity
 Secondary porosity

B. SATURATION
Sw = Volume of water/Volume of pore
So = Volume of oil/Volume of pore
Sg = Volume of gas/Volume of pore
 QL
C. PERMEABILITY K =
AP
- Absolute : one fluid phase in pore = k = 413 md ; kw @ Sw = 1.0
or ko @ So = 1.0
- Effective 2-3 phases in pore; kew @ Sw = 0.7, kew= 248 md, keo
=50 md. k ew
, Kro =
k eo
- Relative: Krw =
k k
D. WETTABILITY
- Water wet
- Oil wet
E. FORMATIOM COMPRESSIBILITY
Cf = 1.87  10-6  -0.415 by Hall Humble
=   1  dV 
 V  dp 
F. FORMATION FACTORS
F = Ro/Rw = a/m
Figure 1.24 Permeability

Size + shape
Arrangement
Compaction
Cementation
Grain kind
Rock Properties
Reserve Calculation Methods
COP Petroleum Resource Classification Chart of Recoverable Reso
Reserve Calculation
Methods
How To Calculate Formation
Volume
How To Calculate Formation
Volume
(Cond.)
Monte Carlo Simulations
Stochastic & Deterministic
 pyram
Area Acres H id trapezoidal

A0 450 0

a1 375 0.83 5 2063

a2 303 0.81 5 1695

a3 231 0.76 5 1335

a4 154 0.67 5 963

a5 74 0.48 5 558

a6 0 0 4 98.7

657 6055 6712

Area Acres Hsum Havg V

Ac-ft

A0 450 0 0
a1 375 0.833333 5 5 2.5 187.5
a2 303 0.808 5 10 7.5 540
a3 231 0.762376 5 15 12.5 900
a4 154 0.666667 5 20 17.5 1347.5
a5 74 0.480519 5 25 22.5 1800
a6 0 0 4 29 27 1998

6773
=Ahø(1-Swi)Bgi

=Ahø(1-Swi)Bo /5.615
THANK YOU