Vertebrate Zoology

Agnatha

Hagfish
& Lamprey
 IKAN YANG ADA SEKARANG
1. Klas Aghnatha
sub klas : Cyclostomata
Ordo Myxinoidea
Petromyzontiformes

2. Klas Chondrichthyes
Sub klas Elasmobranchii : 2 ordo
Sub klas Holocephali : 1 ordo
3. Klas Osteichthyes/teleostei/teleostomi

Subklas : Sarcoptrerygii
/Paleopterygii
∑ Ordo 2 : Coelacanthiformes &
Dipteriformes

Subklas :Actinopterygii/Neopterygii
∑ Ordo : 17
 Vertebrata

Figure 24.2
“Fishes”
 Evolutionary History
Of the 46,000 known species of
vertebrates, lampreys and hagfish
are the only surviving jawless
vertebrates.
Lampreys are the most “primitive”
of the vertebrates, meaning that
they are the least altered from
the first vertebrates.
They lack jaws, paired pectoral and
pelvic fins, and scales.
“Apart from being the oldest
fossil lamprey yet discovered,
[these fossils] show that lampreys
have been parasitic for at least
360 million years”. - Dr. Bruce
Rubidge
Jaw evolution hypothesis
Klas Aghnatha

sub klas  Cyclostomata

Ordo a. Mixiniformes
Myxinoidea

b. Petromyzontiformes
Petromyzontidae
The body shapes
 Types of Agnathans

Hagfish- Ocean scavengers, not

much is known about them.
Lamprey- fresh and salt water,

* they are parasitic and prey on other

fish.
* Both have cartilagenous skeletons
and sucker-like mouths.
 7 gill Gills: Agnatha 5-16 gill
pouches pouches

lamprey hagfish
 Subphylum
Vertebrata

Class Agnatha

Hagfish
 Hagfish Classification
• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Class Pteraspidomorphi
• Order Myxiniformes
• Family Myxinidae
• Genus Myxine
• Species glutinosa
 Key Features
o Jaws are absent.

o Paired fins are generally absent.

o Early species had heavy bony scales

and plates in their skin  absent now
 Key features con’t
 In most cases the skeleton is cartilaginous. The
embryonic notochord persists in the adult.

 Seven or more paired gill pouches are present.

 Hagfish sheds slime layer

 Key features con’t

 A light-sensitive pineal eye is

present.

 The digestive system lacks a

stomach.

 External fertilization; both ovaries and

testes present in individual but gonads of
only one sex functional in hagfishes, no
larval stage; separate sexes and a long
larval stage in lampreys.
 Hagfish Feeding Habits

 Remarkable due to
their lack of
external features
 Feed on benthic
invertebrates and
scavenge on dead
and dying fish
 Ventral mouth has
tongue and 4 rows of
keratin teeth

16
 Hagfish characteristics
• Strictly marine
• No bone, No lateral line organs, no Dorsal fin
• Rasping tongue
• Eyes degenerate, covered by skin; no pineal; single pair
of semicircular canals
• 7-15 pair gills
• Partial open circulatory system
• Holonephros and neotenic pronephros
• Numerous slime glands in skin, secrete copious
amounts of mucus;
• Separate sexes, but all individuals have ovitestis serially
hermaphroditic
• Eggs deposited at sea; direct development; totally
marine
• isosmotic
Slime Glands
 Hagfish

 Hagfish can be found in chilly waters

 They tend to live on and in muddy sea floors in

very dense groups (up to 15,000 in an area).

 Because females tend to produce large eggs in

small numbers, their population sizes suggest a low
death rate.
 Hagfish

• Diet is made up of marine worms and other

invertebrates

• They have a ring of short sensitive tentacles around

their mouths.

• Large slime glands line their sides along the length

of their bodies.

• Can sneeze to clear slime from nostrils

No jaws. Instead they have two pairs of
rasps on top of a tongue. They pull meat
into their mouths with the tongue, then
tear it off the prey with the rasps.
Hagfish Anatomy
Hagfish have a very low metabolism. Once
they eat, they may not have to again for up
to seven months.

Although hagfish have a partial skull, they

have no back bone, so are not true
vertebrates. What skeleton they do have is
made of cartilage.
 Hagfish Reproduction

 Both ovaries and

testes are
present but only
one is functional
 Female lays large
sausage shaped
(2-3cm.) eggs,
numbering 20-30

Hagfish & Lampreys 31

 Lamprey Classification
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Cephalaspidomorphi
Order Petromyzontiformes
Family Petromyzontidae
 Lamprey Characteristics

• Oral disc/buccal funnel, with epidermal denticles and

rasping tongue; active "predatory parasites”
• No bone
• Nostril on top of head
• Well-developed vertebrate eyes
• Well-developed Lateral Line system
• Best developed pineal “eye” of any aquatic vertebrate;
• 2 pairs of semicircular canals;
• Uniformly 7 pairs of gills
• Cranium cartilaginous, open on top
• Opisthonephros
• Eggs deposited in freshwater; freshwater larva; many
species have freshwater adult, but most migrate to sea
and have marine adult stage (anadromous).
 Diet/Nutrition
Larva Phase: algae, detritus and various small
organisms

Parasitic Phase: feed off host (fish)

One lamprey can consume over 40 pounds
of fish in its lifetime

Spawning phase: No feeding

 Lamprey Reproduction

Anadromous
Also, have both
reproductive organs
but only one is
functional
Male creates nest
with stones, and
female spawns up to
124,000-260,000
eggs
River Lamprey
Hagfish & Lampreys 36
 Ammocoete
Larval lamprey = ammocoete, lives secretive
life buried where it filter feeds on algae and
detritus

37
Life Process

Spawning Phase: Spring -early summer

Once sea lampreys have reached sexual maturity, they stop feeding and begin
to congregate off the mouths of streams and rivers in preparation for spawning.

Lampreys construct crescent-shaped nests of small stones and gravel. The

female may lay 30,000 to 100,000 eggs. After spawning, the adults die.

Larval Phase:
Most fertilized eggs settle in amongst the gravel of the nest and hatch in a few
weeks. The young larvae emerge from the nest and then burrow into the
stream's sand and silt bottom. The larvae feed on algae, detritus, and various
small organisms.

Transforming Phase: Late summer- early fall

After three or more years as harmless larvae, they undergo a change called
transformation, where they develop eyes and a sucker-like mouth with sharp
teeth.

Parasitic Phase:
Lampreys typically move into the sea to begin a parasitic life, attaching to a fish
by their mouths and feeding on the blood and tissues of the host They can
spend 12-18 months in the parasitic phase until they are sexually mature enough
to reproduce.
Sea Lamprey Lifecycle
Digestive System
 Nervous system
Lamprey's have a primitive vertebrate nervous
system, meaning the brain structure is fairly
simple compared to other vertebrate animals
System consists of the brain and a hollow
spinal cord
Situated above the alimentary canal.
Vertebrate nerve cord and brain contain a
cerebrospinal fluid which contains mineral salts
and traces of protein and sugar. The fluid helps
to support the nervous tissue and probably plays
some part in its nutrition.
The nerve fibers are not covered by the
myelin sheath (a fatty insulating layer) found
in all higher vertebrates
Therefore nervous conduction is slow. The
complex nervous connections found in higher
forms are impossible in these early vertebrates.
Nervous System
Lamprey Brain
 Circulatory/Respiratory
Systems
 Blood flows through a series of vessels to supply oxygen
and nutrients to the body and to remove carbon dioxide
and other wastes.
 Arteries and arterioles carry blood away from the heart
 Veins and venules carry blood back towards the heart
 Capillaries are the smallest vessels where the gases are
exchanged with the cells of the body
 A lamprey “breathes” by extracting the oxygen present
in the water in which it lives
 Water: mouth →pharynx → respiratory tube
 Within the respiratory tube are seven gill pouches, each
containing the finer feather-like gill lamellae. The gill
lamellae increase the surface area of the respiratory
structures and contain the small capillary beds that
extract oxygen.
 Circulatory/Respiratory
Systems

Problem: When a lamprey is feeding and

attached to a fish the mouth serves as an
attachment function, it is no longer available
for use in respiration.
Solution: Water can be drawn directly into
the respiratory tube through the external
gill slits. Muscular contractions change the
volume of the respiratory tube and thus
control the movement of water over the gill
lamellae.
Circulatory/Respiratory
Systems
Lamprey
larva
 Excretory System
Kidney: filters out waste from the blood
Ions,water and other nitrogenous wastes
Responsible for maintaining osmoregulation
The balance between the salts in the body and
the salts in the environment.
Freshwater: kidneys excrete extremely dilute
urine to maintain the ionic balance in the body.
Salt water: kidneys excretes a highly
concentrated urine. Lampreys rely on the gills to
rid the body of excess salt.
 Reproductive System
In late winter, the lamprey's sexual
reproductive system grows and their
intestines shrink
Therefore, they don't eat in the
winter but live off stored fat
Female Reproductive System
Larva Body Plan
Rudimentary eyes

toothless
 Body Plan
Range from 15 to 100 centimeters (6 to 40 inches) long
Lack bones, jaws, scales and paired fins
The mouth is a Symmetry: bilateral Dorsal fin
round, sucking
2 eyes
opening with
teeth 1 nostril on
top of head

7 gill openings on
each side of the
body

Tail fin
Internal Plan
 Ecological Niche- Chordata
• Environments:
• The sea lamprey is indigenous to the
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and returns
to freshwater tributaries to spawn.
• Found in the Great Lakes
• Role in environment: parasite, vertebrae
• Relationships: Parasitic/dependent upon
host
Challenge: Considered a pest

Lamprey’s can kill

large numbers of
predatory sport fish.
People notice the
lack of large fish
and the scars on
others. The lamprey
invasion made it
hard on the people
who fished the
Great Lakes to
make a living.
terimakasih