INDUSTRIAL PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

INTRODUCTION
 Pressure measurement is the analysis of an applied
force by a fluid (liquid or gas) on a surface.
 Pressure measurement is more important and easier to
perform than temperature measurement.
 Many techniques have been developed for the
measurement of pressure and vacuum.
 Instruments used to measure and display pressure in
an integral unit are called pressure gauges or vacuum
gauges.
INDUSTRIAL PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Example of the widely used Bourdon

pressure gauge
INDUSTRIAL PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

 Most gauges measure pressure relative to

atmospheric pressure as the zero point, so this
form of reading is simply referred to as "gauge
pressure".
INDUSTRIAL PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

 A manometer is a good example, as it uses a

column of liquid to both measure and indicates
pressure. Likewise the widely used Bourdon gauge
is a mechanical device, which both measures and
indicates and is probably the best known type of
gauge
 INDUSTRIAL PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

 A vacuum gauge is a pressure gauge used to measure

pressures lower than the ambient atmospheric pressure,
which is set as the zero point, in negative values
(e.g.: −15 psig or −760 mmHg equals total vacuum).
INDUSTRIAL PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

 The SI unit for pressure is the pascal (Pa), equal to

one newton per square metre (N·m−2 or
kg·m−1·s−2).
 This special name for the unit was added in 1971;
before that, pressure in SI was expressed in units
such as N·m−2.
 When indicated, the zero reference is stated in
parenthesis following the unit, for example 101 kPa
(abs).
INDUSTRIAL PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

 The pound per square inch (psi) is still in

widespread use in the US and Canada, for
measuring, for instance, tire pressure.
 A letter is often appended to the psi unit to indicate
the measurement's zero reference;
 psia for absolute,
 psig for gauge,
 psid for differential, although this practice is
discouraged by the NIST.[1]
INDUSTRIAL PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

 The abbreviation "W.C." or the words "water column" are

often printed on gauges and measurements that use water
for the manometer
 Atmospheric pressures are usually stated using
hectopascal (hPa),
kilopascal (kPa),
millibar (mbar) or
atmospheres (atm).
INDUSTRIAL PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
INDUSTRIAL PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

UNITS OF PRESSURE
The pressure exerted by a fluid is given in terms of force
per unit area. Therefore, the unit of pressure is not primary quantity
but is derived unit since it Is based on unit of force. Force is similar
to weight.

By Formula, P=F/A

Where, P= pressure
F= force acting on a surface
A= unit area of a surface
INDUSTRIAL PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

FORMS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

In an industrial application, there are several
forms of pressure measured namely:
 Atmospheric Pressure ( Barometric Pressure )
 Absolute Pressure
 Gage Pressure
 Differential Pressure
 Vacuum Pressure
 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

The probably most important pressure for life

on earth is the atmospheric pressure, pamb
(amb = ambiens = ambient).
It is created by the weight of the atmosphere
which surrounds the earth up to a height of
approx. 500 km. Up to this altitude, at which
the absolute pressure pabs = zero, its
magnitude decreases continuously.
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

 Furthermore, the atmospheric pressure is

subject to weather-dependent fluctuations,
as is only too well known from the daily
weather report. At sea level, pamb
averages 1,013.25 hectopascal (hpa),
corresponding to 1,013.25 millibar (mbar).
With “cyclones” and “anticyclones”, this
pressure varies by about 5 %.
 ABSOLUTE PRESSURE

 The clearest reference pressure is the pressure

zero, which exists in the air-free space of the
universe. A pressure which is related to this
reference pressure is known as absolute
pressure. For the required differentiation from
other types of pressure, it is denoted with the
index “abs”, which is derived from the Latin
“absolutus”, meaning detached, independent
 GAUGE PRESSURE

 Overpressure (gauge pressure)

 The most frequently measured pressure in the
technological field is the atmospheric pressure
differential, Pe (e = excedens = exceeding). It is the
difference between an absolute pressure, pabs,
and the relevant (absolute) atmospheric pressure
(pe = pabs - pamb) and is known, in short, as the
overpressure or gauge pressure
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE

 The difference between two pressures, p1

and p2, is known as the pressure
differential, Δp = p1 - p2. In cases where
the difference between two pressures itself
represents the measured variable, one
refers to the differential pressure, p1,2.
 VACUUM PRESSURE

 The pressure less than the atmospheric

pressure at a given location. This has the
potential to cause some confusion as
industry may refer to a vacuum sensor as
one which is referenced to either
atmospheric pressure (i.e. measure
Negative gauge pressure) or relative to
absolute vacuum.
INDUSTRIAL PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
INDUSTRIAL PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
Examples: atmospheric pressure of 14.69 psi
gage pressure of 100 psig
absolute pressure of 114.69 psia
differential pressure between 100 psig & 120 psig is 20 psid
P1 as
Absolute Pressure P1 Gage Pressure,
=14.7+100 say 100 psig
=114.7 psi
Atmospheric Pressure,
14.7 psia

Vacuum

0 Absolute

Absolute P = Atmospheric P + Gage P

(algebraic )
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