Solar cell

 Solar cell is a p-n junction

diode, which convert
sunlight directrtly into
electricity by photovoltaic
effects.
History of solar cell

 The term “photo” comes from Greek meaning

“Light” and “voltaic” from the name of “Italian”
physicist “Volta”.
 The photovoltaic effects was first recognized in
1839 by French scientist Edmond Becquerel.
 Albert Einstein explain the photovoltaic effects in
1905 for which he received Nobel prize in
Physics in 1921,
 In 1953–1956: Silicon Solar Cells Are Produced
Commercially, which was 6% efficient.
 In 1958 Solar Energy Is Used In Space (Vanguard
satellite).
 Arco Solar built the first solar park — basically a
solar power plant — in Hesperia, California, in
1982.
Photovoltaic Effect
 The photovoltaic effect is a
process that
generates voltage or
electric current in
a photovoltaic cell when it is
exposed to sunlight.
Working of Solar Cell

 Three things are necessary for the

operation of solar cells.
 The absorption of light, generating
either electron-hole pairs or excitons.
 The separation of charge carriers of opposite
types.
 The separate extraction of those carriers to an
external circuit
 when photon hits the solar cell, its energy breaks
apart the electron-hole pairs. Each photon with
enough energy will normally free exactly one
electron, resulting in a free hole as will. If this
happens close to the electric field, this cause
disruption of electrical neutrality, and if provide
an external current path, electrons will flow
through P side to unite with holes that the electric
field sent there, doing work for us along the way.
Generation of solar cells
Solar cell technologies are
traditionally divided into
three generations.
 First generation solar cell
 Second generation solar cell
 Third generation solar cell
First generation solar cells

 Based on silicon Benefits

wafers.  Good performance
 Efficiency about 15-20  High stability.
%.
Limitations
 dominate the market
and are mainly those  Rigid and required a lot
seen on rooftops. of energy in production.
Second generation solar cells

 Based on amorphous Benefit

silicon, CIGS and CdTe  Avoid use of silicon
(Copper Indium wafers and reduce
Gallium Di-Selenide, production costs.
Cadmium Telluride).
Limitations
 Efficiency 10-15%
 High temperature
treatment
 Large energy
consumption.
Third generation solar cells

 Uses organic materials Benefit

such as small molecules  High performance.
or polymers.
 Easily manufacture.
 Efficiency beyond 20%.
Limitations
 Nano crystal based,
 Expensive.
Polymer ,Dye
sensitized &  Stability.
Concentrated solar
cells.
Perovskite solar cell

 Perovskite is a type of mineral found

in the Ural Mountains and was named
after a Russian nobleman and
mineralogist, Lev Perovski . The
perovskite solar cells have the same
structure of the perovskite mineral,
and hence named Perovskite Solar
Cells.
 Superiorities of Perovskite Solar Cells
1. High efficiency; with an efficiency of 22% after only
several years work.
2. Facile low temperature solution-based fabrication
method;
3. High absorption coefficient.
4. Higher stability in air.
5. High diffusion length, high charge-carrier motilities.
 it means that the light-generated electrons and holes can move large
enough distances to be extracted as current, instead of losing their
energy as heat within the cell
6. very high values of open-circuit voltages (VOC)
typically obtained.
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 Perovskite Crystal Structure
 Usually have stoichiometry of ABX3
 X is an oxide or halide anion such as Cl, Br and I.
 B refers to a metal cation with a coordination number of 6.
 The BX6 octahedra share corners and A is usually a large
cation that fills the cuboctahedral holes with coordination
number of 12.
 A can be Ca, K, Na, Pb, Sr, other rare metals.

CrystEngComm, 2010, 12, 2646-2662 15

Construction of Perovskite Solar Cell

Hybrid organic/inorganic lead halide perovskite

(e.g., CH3NH3PbX3, X = I, Cl, Br) materials,
perovskite has;
 A high absorption coefficient.
 Long hole–electron diffusion length (~0.1–
1 μm).
 Tuneable band gaps.
 Good carrier transport.
 CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films can be prepared by
dual-source thermal evaporation system , vapour-
assisted solution process and one-step and two-
step spin coating procedures for CH3NH3PbI3
formation which has many advantages such as
low cost, low temperature, and ease of control.
Methodology

 A PEDOT: PSS film was spin-coated on a pre-

cleaned ITO substrate at 5000 rpm for 30 s.
 After spin coating, the film was annealed at
140 °C for 10 min.
 The perovskite layer was deposited by the
solvent-engineering technology of 1.2 M PbI2
and 1.2 M methylammonium iodide (MAI) in
a cosolvent of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)
and γ-butyrolactone (GBL) (vol. ratio = 1:1) in
a glove box filled with highly pure nitrogen.
 The perovskite solutions were then coated
onto the PEDOT: PSS/ITO substrate by two
consecutive spin coating steps, at 1000 and
5000 rpm for 10 and 20 s, respectively.
 At 5000 rpm for 20 s, the wet spinning film
was quenched by dropping 50 μl of anhydrous
toluene.
 After spin coating, the film was annealed at
100 °C for 10 min.
 A solution of PCBM was spin-coated on the
perovskite layer/PEDOT:PSS/ITO substrate at
3000 rpm for 30 s.
 Finally, a Ca/Al electrode was completed by
thermal deposition with a thickness of 100 nm.
Characteristics features

 The XRD patterns of CH3NH3PbI3 and

PCBM/CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films
deposited on PEDOT:PSS/ITO substrates.

Result and Discussion

 The spectra reveal two peaks at the position

of 28.39° and 31.86°, which correlate well
with (220) and (310) planes of the
CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite phase. This result
suggests that the solvent in the PCBM film
does not destroy the structure of the
underlying CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite film
during the coating.
 Photocurrent J–V curves of the perovskite
solar cell obtained under 100 mW/cm2
illumination.
Results
 The series resistance (Rs) of cell increases when
the thickness of the CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite film
increases.
 The thickness of the CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite film
can affect the carrier diffusion length in a device
that strongly absorbs light in the red spectral
region.
 The perovskite solar cell fabricated on the 210-
nm-thick perovskite film showed the highest
power conversion efficiency (EFF), η = 11.99 %
value (Jsc = 21.9 mA/cm2) due to increased
photocurrent density.
 Future Challenges of Perovskite Solar
Cells
 Improving efficiency.
 Increasing air and temperature stability.
 Is AMX3 (perovskite structure) the best
stoichiometry? Have we tried other structures?

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