Ar.

Aditi Sontakke
TSAP
Source Transmission Treatment Distribution End User
 Sources

Rain Reclaimed

Surface
Water

Ground
Water
Surface water:
The water that comes from rain and
flows through natural drains and/ or
deposits on the earth’s surface.
E.g. Streams, Rivers, Lakes, Glaciers,
Oceans and Seas
 Ground Water:
The most pure water found deep in the
ground and extracted from open wells
or tube wells.
The geology of the ground allows
water to collect in underground beds
of saturated soil or rock that yield
significant quantities of water called
aquifers.
Reclaimed Water
Used/ waste water is treated scientifically
and made it safe for reuse for several
purposes such as Gardening, irrigation,
Industrial applications etc.
In some countries it is used for domestic
purpose as well.
Water is conveyed from
source to Water Treatment
Plant (WTP) through pipes
or ducts
 Water sourced from surface water
bodies is called Raw Water
 Raw water contains physical,
biological as well as chemical
impurities in it.
 To remove these impurities and
pollutants , raw water needs the
treatment to make it safe for various
purposes such as drinking, cooking,
bathing, washing, cleaning,
industrial processes etc.
 The treatment includes physical as
well as chemical processes.
 In Water Treatment Plant raw water
is treated scientifically and made it
safe for domestic, commercial as
well as industrial needs.
 Methods of distribution is largely depends on the topography of the land
where water transmission/ distribution net work to be carried out.

 Gravity System
This system is the most reliable method of distribution. The water is conveyed
through pipes by gravity only. This system works when the water reservoir is
situated at the higher level than that of the distribution area.
It requires low operation and maintenance cost and hence more economical
 Pumping System

In this system water is directly pumped into the mains leading to the
consumers. In this system desired pressure can be maintained.
In case of failure of the pump the whole distribution area can be affected and
hence requires constant monitoring. Operaton and maintainance cost is
considerably higher.
 Gravity and Pumping systems combined

This is most commonly used method. Treated water is stored in Elevated

Storage reservoir (ESR)/ Ground Storage reservoir (GSR). This water is
pumped into the mains and distributed in the area either by gravity and/or
by pumping.
 Raw Water Aeration Flash Mixer
(Transmission (Absorbs Oxygen (Alum Dosing)
From Source) From Air)

Gravity Sand Filters Clariflocculator

(Removal of Residual
(Coagulates and Settles
Suspended Solids)
Suspended Solids)

Disinfection
(Chlorination/ UV Beam – Distribution
Removal of Micro organism) Master balancing
Reservoir
Direct/ Continuous
system System
 In this system water mains
are charged for 24 hours a
day with adequate pressure.
 The most ideal system
 Direct systems source water
straight from the mains
water supply.
 Storage may or may not
require for individual
building if pressure is
adequate.
 Operation and maintenance
is easier and cheaper.
Indirect/ Intermittent
system System
 In this system water is
supplied for certain hours a
day.
 This system is used when
the supply is controlled to
deliver water to a large
number of properties at
peak times.
 Certain pressure need to
maintain in this system
during supply hours
 In this system provision of
additional water storage is
required for individual
building.
 O & M is more critical and
expensive
 OHT

UGT
Pump

Water Water
Main Main
Branch System Loop System
Radial Pattern
Radial Pattern Grid Iron pattern
 In this method the
mains, sub mains and
branches are inter
connected with each
other.

Grid Iron pattern

Radial Pattern Grid Iron pattern