PUBLIC TRANSPORT PLANNING

Presentation at
Short Term Training Programme
Comprehensive Transportation Planning Practices
SVNIT, Surat
16-05-2013

Dr. G.J.Joshi
Associate Professor & Section Head
Transportation Engineering & Planning
Department of Civil Engineering, S.V. National Institute of Technology, Surat
gj@ced.svnit.ac.in
 URBAN PASSANGER TRANSPORT MODES

PRIVATE TRANSPORT PUBLIC TRANSPORT

For hire service
Not-for-hire
Para Transit (IPT):
Owner’s choice governs Semi-Flexible routes, fare, schedule, low
capacity (3-15 passengers)
route, time of trip, type e.g. Rickshaws, taxis, vans
of usage and travel Transit:
cost Fixed routes, fare, schedule, High
capacity (20-2000 passengers)
e.g. walk, bikes, scooters, e.g. Regular Buses, LRT, BRT, , Suburban
cars Trains, Metro,

2
 FAMILY OF TRANSIT MODES

(1) Low Capacity Modes : Para – Transit

• Taxis
• dial – a – ride
• Jitneys / auto-rickshaws
(2) Medium Capacity Modes : Street Transit
• Regular Bus service (RB)
• Express Bus service
• Trolley Bus
• Street Cars (Tramways)
Family of transit modes………..
(3) High Performance Modes : Semi Rapid Transit and Rapid
Transit
• Semi Rapid Transit
• Semi Rapid Bus (SRB/ BRT)
• Light Rail Transit (LRT)
• Rapid Transit
• Light Rail Rapid Transit (LRRT)
• Rubber-Tired Rapid Transit (RTRT)
• Rail Rapid Transit (RRT)
• Regional Rail (RGR)
 Capacity
Speed

Rapid Transit
Reliability
Safety
(Stop Spacing / Influence
Area)

Capacity
Street Transit

Speed
Reliability
Safety
(Stop Spacing / Influence
Area)
Step Description sketch Major Corresponding real world
No. improvements system

1 Paths walking - Walking - pedestrians

2 Private motorized cabins Speed Private automobiles

Comfort
Convenience
3 Common carrier Service available to all Taxis
(rental) cabins people

4 Widening of the paths Capacity Arterials

L/S

5 Introducing of large cabins Capacity Bus transit

Cost
Comfort
6 Separation of modes Capacity Transit R/W
Reliability Category B
Speed of transit
7 Guided technology Capacity LRT
Electric traction
Comfort
Operating cost
8 Grade – separated paths Capacity Freeways
Speed
Safety
Convenience
9 Fully controlled common carrier Capacity R/W category A,
R/W Speed Rapid transit
Reliability
Area impact
10 Automated common carrier cabins Frequency Automated guided modes:
Operating cost AGT,RRT
Performance
 URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

• Horse - drawn omni buses(1798)

• Horse – drawn tramways(1832)
• Steam driven omni buses, railways (1833)
• Compressed air tram ways (1878)
• Electric traction (1830)
• Cable car(1840)
• Electric street cars/tramways (1870)
• Motor bus(1920)

7
First public transportation was
introduced by Romans during
reigns of Emperor Augustus and
Tiberius

Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus

8
(23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14)
 Horse Drawn Omni Bus

Horse Drawn Street Car

9
Horse Drawn Tramways : Durban, South Africa 10
San Fransisco Cable
Cars
11
TRAM WAYS

12
Trolley Bus

13
14
15
16
Para-Transit Modes

17
Cycle / Man-pulled Rickshaw

18
 Rickshaw: Japan

Rickshaw: Delhi

19
SUBURBAN RAILWAYS
(Regional Rail)

20
 Monorail

Personal Rapid Transit

21
 Tramways

Light Rail Transit

22
 Funicular Railway

Rubber Tired Rapid

Transit

23
BUS SERVICE

24
 JANMARG: Ahmedabad

Delhi Metro

25
Hongkong: Tramways & Buses

26
 27
uffalo : LRT
Circle Line : Hudson River

28
Urban Water Transport: Venice

29
Virar Local in Japan ????!!!!$$$$$##
 Metro Features

km/line stns/line
City Opening date Length (km) Stations Lines km/stn
TOTAL 8702.14 8043 512

AVERAGE 52.42 48.16 3.08 1.17 16.17 14.3

Bangkok 05.12.1999 44 44 3 1.1 14.67 14.67

Barcelona 30.12.1924 104.8 145 9 0.85 11.64 16.11

Beijing 01.10.1969 141.35 93 5 1.7 28.27 18.6

Berlin 18.02.1902 144.1 192 9 0.85 16.01 21.33

Boston 01.09.1897 60.5 66 3 1.01 20.17 22

Brussels 20.09.1976 32.2 61 3 0.55 10.73 20.33

Hong Kong 01.10.1979 91 62 5 1.78 18.2 12.4

London 10.01.1863 408 275 12 1.48 34 22.92

Los Angeles 30.01.1993 28 16 1 1.75 28 16

New York 27.10.1904 370 468 27 0.79 13.7 17.33

Paris 19.07.1900 211.99 381 16 0.71 13.25 23.81

Rome 10.02.1955 37.4 49 2 0.78 18.7 24.5

Seoul 15.08.1974 286.9 348 10 0.96 28.69 34.8

Shanghai 10.04.1995 228.4 162 8 1.55 28.55 20.25

Vienna 25.02.1978 65.1 91 5 0.81 13.02 18.2

Chennai 19.10.1997 27 17 1 1.59 27 17

Delhi 24.12.2002 65.7 58 3 1.17 21.9 19.33

Kolkata 24.10.1984 16.5 17 1 0.97 16.5 17

Mumbai 1853 171 73 5 2.34 34.2 14.6

World Metro List - http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrolist.html

 M e tro Fe ature s

Le ngth

Mumbai

Kolkata

Delhi

Chennai

Vienna

Shanghai

Seoul

Rome

Paris

New York

Los Angeles

London

Hong Kong

Brussels

Boston

Berlin

Beijing

Barcelona

Bangkok

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Bangkok Barcelona Beijing Berlin Boston

Brussels Hong Kong London Los Angeles New York
Paris Rome Seoul Shanghai Vienna
Chennai Delhi Kolkata Mumbai
BOGOTA, Columbia BRT
 Total Infrastructure cost

Bejing
Los Angeles
Ottawa
Mexico city
Leon
Sao Paulo
BOGOTA

0 5 10 15 20

Cost in Mill. USD/km= Rs.55 crores /Km

 BRTS Features
Mexico
BOGOTA Sao Paulo Leon city Ottawa Los Angeles Bejing

No. of existing corridor 6 9 3 1 3 1 1

Length of the existing corridor 84 km 129.5 km 26 20 30 km 22.7 km 16 km

Length of the existing fedeer
route 212 km NA 140 0 NA NA 0

No of stations 107 128 51 34 37 14 18

Average distance between the
stations 500 m 550 400 m 450 m 810 1610 940 m
Actual peak ridership
(pass/hr/direction) 45000 ?? 28000 2900 8500 10000 NA 8000

Actual non-peak ridership

(pass/hr/direction) 28000 NA 900 NA NA NA 1500
22
k
m/
Average commercial speed 27 km/hr 15 km/hr 18 km/hr 19 km/hr NA 34 km/hr hr

T1:2.5 min,
Average peak headway 3 min 30 sec T2/T3:7 min 63 sec 2 min 5 min 1 min
T1:7 min,
T2/T3:12
Average non-peak headway 5 min 2 min min NA 15 min 20 min 4-8 min

Average dwell time 25 sec 30 sec 7 sec NA 12-20 sec 12-20 sec 20 sec

Articula
Trunk vehicle type Articulated bus Standard Artculated Articulated Standard Standard ed

Trunk vehicle capacity 160 100 160 160 50 120 160

5.3 (ph-I)* 1.2 1 1.5 8.3. 14.9 0.45

* more than 20 crores ,** more13.3
than(ph-
55 crores/km Source : Bus Rapid Transit - Planning Guide2007
Total Infrastructure cost
II**)
 Transit Cost - The World Experience

Capital Actual capacity

(passengers / hour /
Line Cost/Km ($
direction)
million)
Hong Kong Metro $220 (Rs. 1012 Cr.) 81,000

Bangkok Sky train $74 (Rs. 340 Cr.) 25,000 – 50,000

Caracas Metro $90 (Rs. 410 Cr.) 21,600-32,000

Mexico City Metro $41 (Rs. 190 Cr.) 19,500 - 39,300

Kuala Lumpur LRT Putra $50 (Rs. 230 Cr.) 10,000 – 30,000

Bogota TransMilenio $5 (Rs. 23 Cr.) 35,000 - 45,000

Sao Paulo Bus ways $2 (Rs. 9.2 Cr.) 27,000 -35,000

Porto Alegre Bus way $2 (Rs. 9.2 Cr.) 28,000

Curitiba Bus way $2 (Rs. 9.2 Cr.) 15,000

Quito Bus Rapid Transit $2 (Rs. 9.2 Cr.) 9,000-15,000

TransJakarta $1 (Rs. 4.6 Cr.) 8,000

Ahmedabad @ 9 cr /km
 Parameters of Growth of Public Transport

• Need for intra-city and inter-city movements

• Carrying capacity: 12-2500 persons per Transit Train
• Speed: 15kmph – 500 kmph
• Higher acceleration and deceleration rates: Useful for urban and
suburban operations
• From street operation to fully segregated operation
• Increase in Comfort level: Market segmentation
• Response to the changes in activity pattern, settlement pattern,
urban form
• Changes in fuel technology, traction & control: Energy efficient
systems--- Sustainable development
37
 Problems at Urban Level

 Growth of population
 Growth of vehicles
 Horizontal Growth of towns and cities (Urban Sprawl)
 Limitation of mobility of the vehicular traffic in town

 Congestion / Delays
 Environmental Pollution
 Safety
 Parking
 Disaster Management – (ITS area)
 Bus Transport Demand in India
2001 2006 2011 2016
Name of Buses as
City 2006 Scene Scene Scene Scene Scene Scene Scene
Scene 2.
1. 2. 1. 1. 2. 1. 2.
Mumbai 3391 8184 6547 10203 8184 12788 10230 15984 12788
Kolkata 1144 9257 10573 11564 9252 14456 11564 18069 14456
Delhi 2434 10223 8186 12791 10233 15989 12791 19987 15989
Chennai 2737 5140 3855 5622 4497 7027 5622 8784 7027
Hyderabad 2838 3320 2767 5534 4150 8646 6917 10808 8646
Bangalore 3925 3412 2843 5687 4265 8886 7109 11107 8886
Ahmedabad 540 2712 2260 3389 2825 5649 4237 8827 7061
Surat 25 1406 1125 1757 1406 2636 2196 3295 2746
1406
Minimum Bus Req.
Surat 25
1757
Desirable Bus Req.
2825
Ahmedabad 540
3389 Actual No. of Bus
4265
Bangalore 3925
5687
4150
Hyderabad 2838
5534
City Name

4497
Chennai 2737
5622

10233
Delhi 2434
12791

9252
Kolkata 1144
11564

8184
Mumbai 3391
10203

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

No. of Bus
 Public Transport: Issues at stake
• Ridership: • Coverage
– No. of passengers – Land use structure
– Market Segmentation – Urban form & shape
• Appropriate Technology: • Operating Agencies
– Road Based – Public
– Rail Based – Private
– Source of Energy – PPP
• Capacity • Integration
– Throughput – Functional roles
– Transit unit size – Access & Egress
– Operation plan – Interchanges
– Level of service – Seamless Travel

40
 Transit Planning Elements

Demand Supply Finance

• City Characteristics • Type (s) system • Capital cost
• Activity system • Network • O&M Cost
• Society • Quality of service • Sources of finance
Characteristics • Integration • Fare structure
• Travel
characteristics

CE 702 PUBLIC TRANSPORT PLANNING 41

 Transit Capacity

Passenger carrying capacity of an urban

transit route is the maximum number
of people that can be carried past a
given location during a given period of
time, under specified operating
conditions, without unreasonable
delay, hazard, or restriction, and with
reasonable certainty.
Public Transport System: Capacity

SI No. System/Technologies Indicative

Capacity Range
(PPHPD)
1 Diesel Bus System (Road) 5,000
2 Diesel Bus System (exclusive ROW) 10,000
3 Urban Bus or Bus way 15,000-20,000
4 Electric Trolley Bus (shared road) 7,000
5 Trams (Shared road) 6,000
6 Rubber Tyred guided system (automated) 10,000
7 Mono Rail 15,000-20,000
8 Light Rail Transit System (LRTS) 20,000-30,000
9 Heavy Rail Metro System/Sub-urban system 30,000-60,000
(MRTS)
10 Sub-urban Electric Multiple Unit (EMU) 30,000-60,000
PPHPD – Passenger Per Hour Per Direction
 Transit Demand Elements
• Observed or Predicted transit travelers (ridership)
• Duration of day / week
• Boarding (b) & Alighting (a) at various stops
• Cumulative Boarding & Alighting
• Maximum Load Point
• Passenger Volume
• Headway / Frequency
Data Requirement & Field Surveys
Transit Planning Tasks
• Network Route Design
• Timetable Development
• Vehicle Scheduling
• Crew Scheduling

CE 702 PUBLIC TRANSPORT PLANNING 45

 Network Route Design

• Regional O-D Matrices

• Market segment by travel mode
• Transit O-D Matrix
• Transfer Counts
• Approximate Vehicle Loads
• Running times
• Revenue by fare category

CE 702 PUBLIC TRANSPORT PLANNING 46

 Timetable Development

• Approximate passenger waiting time

• Passenger boarding and alighting counts
• Running times
• On-time performance
• Vehicle loads by route segments (between
stops)
• Actual departure and arrival times

CE 702 PUBLIC TRANSPORT PLANNING 47

 Vehicle Scheduling

• Running time
• Deadhead O-D shortest paths
• Deadhead running times

CE 702 PUBLIC TRANSPORT PLANNING 48

 Crew Scheduling

• Deadhead O-D Shortest path

• Dead head running time
• Running times

CE 702 PUBLIC TRANSPORT PLANNING 49

 Transit Planning Process
Vision of the Present Transit
future city & System:
goals Modes , Service,
Network, Usage

Examination of

Adequate
Future present system Short range
transit role adequacy for planning
& usage future role
Inadequate
Development of
Performance Alternative Mode /
Requirements Network plans

Examination of
Evaluation system adequacy
Criteria for future role

Plan finalisation / Design of

intermodal role
CE 702 PUBLIC TRANSPORT PLANNING 50
Thank you!