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MONOSACCHARIDES

Biochemistry: CARBOHYDRATES Presented by: Alyssa Marie D. Matias

MONOSACCHARIDES
GREEK MONOS = SINGLE
SACCHAR  = SUGAR

MONOSACCHARIDES

• ALSO CALLED SIMPLE SUGAR, ARE THE SIMPLEST FORM OF SUGAR AND THE MOST BASIC UNITS
OF CARBOHYDRATES.

• EXAMPLES OF MONOSACCHARIDES IN FOODS ARE GLUCOSE,

FRUCTOSE AND GALACTOSE.

•MONOSACCHARIDES ARE AN ENERGY SOURCE; MOST OF THEM PROVIDE ABOUT 4

CALORIES (KILOCALORIES) PER GRAM, JUST LIKE OTHER CARBOHYDRATES

•MONOSACCHARIDES ARE NON-ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS, WHICH MEANS YOUR BODY CAN

PRODUCE ALL OF THOSE IT NEEDS FOR PROPER FUNCTIONING FROM OTHER
NUTRIENTS, SO YOU DO NOT NEED TO GET THEM FROM FOOD
GLUCOSE
- GLUCOSE IS THE MAIN FUEL FOR THE BODY CELLS. GLUCOSE IS THE MOST ABUNDANT
MONOSACCHARIDE, A SUBCATEGORY OF CARBOHYDRATES. GLUCOSE IS MAINLY MADE BY
PLANTS AND MOST ALGAE DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS FROM WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE,
USING ENERGY FROM SUNLIGHT.
FRUCTOSE
- A CRYSTALLINE SUGAR SWEETER AND MORE SOLUBLE THAN GLUCOSE. IT IS ONE OF THE
THREE DIETARY MONOSACCHARIDES, ALONG WITH GLUCOSE AND GALACTOSE, THAT ARE
ABSORBED DIRECTLY INTO BLOOD DURING DIGESTION.
GALACTOSE
- IS FOUND IN ERYTHROCYTES OF INDIVIDUALS WITH B-TYPE OF BLOOD. IS A
MONOSACCHARIDE SUGAR THAT IS ABOUT AS SWEET AS GLUCOSE, AND ABOUT 30% AS
SWEET AS SUCROSE.
STRUCTURES OF THE DIFFERENT
MONOSACCHARIDES
 GLUCOSE ( C6H12O6)

• The most abundant monosaccharide found in

nature is in fact glucose. It is the most abundant
organic compound on earth. We can find glucose
in varies fruits, honey and even in starch and cane
sugar. We obtain a large part of the energy in our
bodies from glucose through the foods we eat.
FRUCTOSE

• Fructose was first discovered by a French chemist Augustin –

Pierre Debrunfaut.
• Fructose is a simple ketonic monosaccharide. We mostly find
fructose in plants and their fruits, flowers and root
vegetables, hence earning it a moniker of fruit sugar.
 ABSORPTION OF MONOSACCHARIDES AND
THEIR EFFECT ON BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS

Monosaccharides, like most nutrients are

absorbed in the small intestine. They can be
absorbed without previously being broken down
by the intestinal enzymes. Glucose and galactose
are absorbed easily, completely and faster than
other carbohydrates, while fructose can be
absorbed slowly and incompletely.
DISACCHARIDE

• A disaccharide is the sugar formed when two monosaccharides are

joined by glycosidic linkage. Like monosaccharides, disaccharides
are soluble in water.
OLIGOSACCHARIDE

• a carbohydrate whose molecules are composed of a relatively small

number of monosaccharide units.
POLYSACCHARIDE

• Polysaccharide, also called glycan, the form in which most natural

carbohydrates occur. Polysaccharides may have a molecular
structure that is either branched or linear.
PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF
MONOSACCHARIDES
Most monosaccharides have a sweet
taste(fructose is sweetest 73% sweeter than
sucrose).
• They are solids at room temperature.
• They are extremely soluble in water:
– Despite their high molecular weights, the
presence of large numbers of OH groups make
the monosaccharides much more water
soluble than most molecules of similar MW.
– Glucose can dissolve in minute amounts of
water to make a syrup (1 g / 1 ml H2O).
CHEMICAL PROPERTY OF MONOSACCHARIDES

Monosaccharides do not usually exist in

solution in their “open-chain” forms:an
alcohol group can add into the carbonyl group
in the same molecule to form HO a pyranose
ring containing a stable cyclic hemiacetal.
TEST ON
MONOSACCHARIDES
BARFOED TEST
SELIWANOFF TEST
BENEDICT’S TEST (MONOSACCHARIDES)
CLASSIFICATION OF
MONOSACCHARIDES
• The monosaccharides are the simplest of the carbohydrates, since they contain only
one polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit.
• Monosaccharides are classified according to the number of carbon atoms they contain:
NOMENCLATURE

1. Determine whether the structure is Aldose (aldehyde) or

Ketose (ketone)
2. If the functional group present as well as six carbon atoms
that is Aldohexose
3. If the Monosaccharide contains a Ketone group and 5 carbon
atoms, so it is Ketopentos
REFERENCES:

• https://education.seattlepi.com/function-monosaccharide-biology-6548.html
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wFYsufJ9XMM&feature=share
• http://www.chtf.stuba.sk/~szolcsanyi/education/files/Organicka%20chemia%20II/Prednaska%
209_Sacharidy/Doplnkove%20studijne%20materialy/Carbohydrates_Boudreaux.pdf
• https://microbenotes.com/carbohydrates-structure-properties-classification-and-functions/