HVAC

2.0
 2.0 HVAC
2.1 General 2.1.3 Air-Conditioning
Standards
2.1 General 2.1.1 Definition of Air-
Conditioning 1.Cooling and De-humidifying
2.2 Refrigeration for summer cooling, temperatures of 68
Cycle deg to 74 deg F and 50% relative
the simultaneous control of the humidity are a frequent design average.
2.3 Types of Air- temperature, humidity, motion and
Conditioning purity of the air in a confined space. 2. Heating and Humidifying
Systems for winter cooling, temperatures of 70 deg

2.4 Air-Conditioning
2.1.2 Functions or to 75 deg F and relative humidity of 30%
to 35% are found most satisfactory.
Equipment Elements of Air-
Conditioning 3. Air Motion
2.5 Heating air velocity should average 4.57 to 7.6
Systems meters per min measured 36” above the
1. Cooling and de-humidifying of air
2. Heating or humidifying of air floor.
2.6 Provisions in
the NBC 3. Cleaning of air or filtration
4. Air Supply
Concerning HVAC 4. Circulation of air a. 5 cuft to 7-1/2 cuft of air per minute per
person (5-71/2 cuft/min/pers). In rooms
where smoking is not allowed

b.25 cuft to 40 cuft of air per minute per

person allowed in rooms where smoking
is permitted.
 2.0 HVAC
2.1.4 Methods of Cooling 3. Passing the air through coils
containing the refrigerant itself; in
and De-humidifying
this case the coils are called “direct
2.1 General
expansion” coils
1. Passing the air through a spray of
2.2 Refrigeration
cold water 4. Passing the air through a
Cycle
combination of sprays and coils
2.3 Types of Air- 2. Passing the air through coils
Conditioning containing cold water
Systems

2.4 Air-Conditioning
Equipment

2.5 Heating
Systems

2.6 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning HVAC
 2.0 HVAC
2.2 Refrigeration Cycle *Freon - refrigerant used for cooling.
Mechanical refrigeration is based upon the
alternate liquefying and evaporating of a volatile
1. Freon* is a gas at normal temperature liquid with a low boiling point usually Freon 12
2.1 General (Dichlorodiflouromethane) or Freon 11
and pressure. It is first subjected to high
(Trichloromonoflouromethane) during which
pressure in a compressor which raises its
2.2 Refrigeration processes it respectively gives off and takes in
boiling point and temperature.
Cycle heat. The desirable properties of Freon are: a)
high heat of vaporization; b) moderate pressure
2. At the same high pressure, the vapor is change for low to high temperature range; c)
2.3 Types of Air- non-toxic; d) incombustible; e) non-explosive;
piped into condenser coils where it is
Conditioning and f) non-corrosive.
cooled by water to a degree below its
Systems
liquefaction point. It condenses into a
liquid state and still under high pressure,
2.4 Air-Conditioning
passes to the evaporator.
Equipment
3. In the evaporator, the pressure is
2.5 Heating
relieved by the suction stroke of the
Systems
compressor. The boiling point of the
liquid refrigerant drops and evaporation
2.6 Provisions in into a vapor takes place. The water
the NBC which surrounds the evaporator coils
Concerning HVAC gives up its heat in causing the
vaporization at low pressure, thus
reducing its temperature to the
temperature of the refrigerant. The cold
water can then be piped at this low
temperature to any desired point and
sprayed to cool the passing air. The
refrigerant is sucked back into the
compressor and the cycle recommences
 2.0 HVAC
2.3 Types of Air-
Conditioning Systems
2.1 General
1. Central Systems
2.2 Refrigeration
Cycle All-Season Centralized Air
Conditioning System consists of
2.3 Types of Air-
Conditioning the following:
Systems
a. A method of cooling,
a refrigeration plant
2.4 Air-Conditioning
Equipment b. A source of heating
such as a boiler or
2.5 Heating furnace
Systems
c. An Air Handling Unit
(AHU) equipped with
2.6 Provisions in filters, pre-heater,
the NBC spray, cooling coils
Concerning HVAC and re-heater

d. The air distributing

equipment composed
of ducts, fans and air
outlets

e. The necessary
manual or automatic
controls
 2.0 HVAC
2. Split Type Air Conditioning
System
2.1 General

2.2 Refrigeration
Cycle

2.3 Types of Air-

Conditioning
Systems

2.4 Air-Conditioning
AHU
Equipment

2.5 Heating
Systems FCU
(FAN COIL
UNIT)
2.6 Provisions in COMP.
the NBC CONDENSER
Concerning HVAC EVAPORATOR
ACCU
(AIR CONDITIONING
CONDENSING UNIT)
ACCU
 2.0 HVAC
3. Window Type Air Conditioning
System
2.1 General

2.2 Refrigeration
Cycle

2.3 Types of Air-

Conditioning
Systems

2.4 Air-Conditioning
Equipment

2.5 Heating
Systems

2.6 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning HVAC
 2.0 HVAC
2.4 Air-Conditioning 2. Condensers
Equipment
a) Air-cooled Condensers
2.1 General
used in unit and packaged-type air-
2.4.1 The Refrigeration conditioners up to 3 tons
2.2 Refrigeration
Cycle Plant refrigeration.

2.3 Types of Air- 1. Compressors b) Water-cooled Condensers

Conditioning
Systems a) Piston Type or Reciprocating Double-piped Condensers:
Compressors
2.4 Air-Conditioning
Equipment for tonnages up to 100 tons

2.5 Heating b) Centrifugal Compressors

Systems these are quieter, have fewer
vibration problems, require less
2.6 Provisions in maintenance and with better
the NBC
operating control
Concerning HVAC
 2.0 HVAC
Shell and Tube Condensers: 3. Evaporators

a) Shell and Tube Heat

2.1 General
Exchanger
2.2 Refrigeration similar in operation to the shell and
Cycle tube condenser. The refrigerant is
expanded into a shell enclosing the
2.3 Types of Air- tube through which the water flows.
Conditioning
Systems b) Direct Expansion Coils (coils
containing the refrigerant itself)
2.4 Air-Conditioning
Equipment This may either be installed in the
spray chamber so that the water
2.5 Heating Evaporative Condenser: sprayed into the air comes into
Systems contact with the cooling coils or the
air itself comes into direct contact
2.6 Provisions in with the cooling coils, as in the
the NBC
window type unit
Concerning HVAC

2.4.2 Cooling and De-
humidifying
2.1 General Equipment
2.2 Refrigeration
1. Water Sprays
Cycle
2.3 Types of Air- 2. Cooling Coils
Conditioning
Systems
2.4.3 Heating and
2.4 Air-Conditioning Humidifying
Equipment Equipment
2.5 Heating
1. Tempering Coils
Systems
contains steam and are used
2.6 Provisions in to heating the air ie.,
the NBC preheaters and reheaters.
Concerning HVAC
2. Water Heaters
used for heating the water
which will be used in the
spray chamber to add heat
and humidity to the air
2.0 HVAC
2.4.4 Air Cleaning
Equipment
1. Filters
a) Dry Filters
consist of wire frames
enclosing felt, cotton or
sponge through which
the air is screened.
b) Viscous Filters
consist of metal
deflecting plates or
screens coated with
viscous oil.
c) Water Sprays
d) Eliminator Plates
consist of corrugated
galvanized iron sheets
placed 1-1/8” apart
which deflect the air flow
about 30 deg catching
the wet dust on the
surfaces
 2.0 HVAC
2.4.5 Air
Distribution
2.1 General Equipment
2.2 Refrigeration
Cycle 1. Ducts
are usually of
2.3 Types of Air- galvanized sheet
Conditioning metal, or aluminum
Systems sheets, usually
rectangular in
2.4 Air-Conditioning
Equipment section, depending
on the aspect
2.5 Heating ratio*, although
Systems circular ducts are
also used for high
2.6 Provisions in velocity systems.
the NBC
Concerning HVAC *Aspect Ratio – the ratio
of the long side to short
side; not to exceed 5:1
although 4 or 3:1 is
preferred.
 2.0 HVAC
2. Fans 3. Air Outlets
these are made for two locations:
a) Centrifugal fans (radial fans) wall and ceiling.
2.1 General
these are intended for moving air at
2.2 Refrigeration comparatively high pressures and a) Wall outlets include the
Cycle are commonly used in duct systems. following:
Vaned outlets
2.3 Types of Air- b) Propeller or axial fans Perforated grills
Conditioning commonly used for wall exhausts
Systems b) Ceiling outlets include the
following types:
2.4 Air-Conditioning
Equipment Plaques
Perforated panels
2.5 Heating Perforated ceilings
Systems

2.6 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning HVAC
 2.0 HVAC
2.4.6 Control Equipment 2. Actuating or Operating
Devices
2.1 General 1. Sensing Devices
a) Dampers
2.2 Refrigeration a) Humidistat These control the flow of air and are
Cycle or Hygrostat is a controller, sensitive in the form of louvers.
to the amount of humidity in the air.
2.3 Types of Air- b) Control Valves
Conditioning These are valves with variable
b) Thermostat
Systems orifices which are moved by motors
a controller which responds to
changes in temperature. to present smaller or larger
2.4 Air-Conditioning
Equipment openings as directed by a
c) Pressure Regulators thermostat.
2.5 Heating are instruments sensitive to changes
Systems in pressure. They may control a c) Relays
single pressure or a differential These are devices that use electrical
2.6 Provisions in energy to amplify or convert the
the NBC between two pressures.
power of a thermostat or other
Concerning HVAC
controllers so that the resultant force
will be sufficient and adaptable to
operate a valve or damper.
 2.0 HVAC
2.5 Heating Systems

2.1 General 2.5.1 Types of Heating

Systems
2.2 Refrigeration
Cycle
TYPE OF HEATING HEATING METHOD METHOD OF
SYSTEM MEDIUM DEVICE OF AIR DISTRIBUTION
2.3 Types of Air-
HANDLING
Conditioning
Systems 1. Mechanical Air Furnace Ducts Registers
Warm Air
2.4 Air-Conditioning Heating System
Equipment 2. Steam Heating Steam Boiler Pipes Radiators
System
2.5 Heating
Systems 3. Hot Water Water Water Pipes Radiators
Heating System Heater
2.6 Provisions in 4. Radiant Panel 1. Water Water Heater Pipes Ceiling or Floor
the NBC Heating System 2. Air Furnace Ducts Ceiling
Concerning HVAC 3. Electricity Elec Heater Wires Ceiling
 2.0 HVAC
2.5.2 Mechanical Warm Air
Heating System
2.1 General

2.2 Refrigeration
Cycle

2.3 Types of Air-

Conditioning
Systems

2.4 Air-Conditioning
Equipment

2.5 Heating
Systems

2.6 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning HVAC
 2.0 HVAC
2.5.2 Steam Heating
System
2.1 General

2.2 Refrigeration
Cycle
1. Air-Vent System (One-Pipe
2.3 Types of Air- Gravity System)
Conditioning
Systems

2.4 Air-Conditioning
Equipment

2.5 Heating
Systems

2.6 Provisions in
the NBC
2. Vacuum System (Two-pipe
Concerning HVAC
Steam Heating System)
 2.0 HVAC
2.5.4 Hot Water Heating
System
2.1 General

2.2 Refrigeration
Cycle

2.3 Types of Air- 1. One-Pipe Hot Water Heating

Conditioning System
Systems

2.4 Air-Conditioning
Equipment

2.5 Heating
Systems

2.6 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning HVAC

2. Two-Pipe Hot Water Heating

System
 2.0 HVAC
2.5.5 Radiant Panel
Heating System
2.1 General

2.2 Refrigeration
Cycle

2.3 Types of Air-

Conditioning
Systems

2.4 Air-Conditioning
Equipment

2.5 Heating
Systems

2.6 Provisions in
the NBC
Concerning HVAC
 2.0 HVAC
2.6 Provisions in the Capacity of Works, Project or
NBC Concerning HVAC Plant
The total horsepower of all engines,
2.1 General motors, turbines or other prime movers
2.6.1 Definitions installed, whether in operation or not.
2.2 Refrigeration
Cycle Compressor
Accidental Contact
Any inadvertent physical contact with A mechanical device for the purpose of
2.3 Types of Air- increasing the pressure upon the
Conditioning power transmission equipment, prime
movers, machines or machine parts refrigerant.
Systems
which could result from slipping, falling,
sliding, tripping or any other unplanned Condenser
2.4 Air-Conditioning
action or movement. A vessel or arrangement of pipes or
Equipment
tubing in which vaporized refrigerant is
liquefied by the removal of heat.
2.5 Heating Air Conditioning
Systems The process of treating air so as to control
simultaneously its temperature, humidity, Condemned Boiler or Unfired
2.6 Provisions in cleanliness and distribution to meet the Pressure Vessel
the NBC requirements of the conditioned space. A boiler or unfired pressure vessel that
Concerning HVAC has been inspected by the Building
Boiler Official and declared unsafe or
A closed vessel for heating water or for disqualified and power stamped or
application of heat to generate steam or marked designating its rejection.
other vapor to be used externally or to
itself.
 2.0 HVAC
Crane External Inspection
Means a machine for lifting or lowering a An inspection made on boiler during
load and moving it horizontally, the operation.
2.1 General hoisting mechanism being an integral part
of the machine. Guarded
2.2 Refrigeration Shielded, fenced or otherwise protected
Cycle Duct by means of suitable enclosure guards,
A passageway made of sheet metal or covers or standard railings, so as to
2.3 Types of Air- other suitable material not necessarily preclude the possibility of accidental
Conditioning leak tight, for conveying air or other gases contact or dangerous approach to
Systems at low pressure. persons or objects.

2.4 Air-Conditioning Enclosed Internal Inspection

Equipment Means that the moving parts of a machine
are so guarded that physical contact by
2.5 Heating any part of the human body is precluded
Systems or prevented. This does not however
prohibit the use of hinged, sliding or
2.6 Provisions in otherwise removable doors or sections to
the NBC permit inspection, lubrication or proper
Concerning HVAC maintenance.
Evaporation
That part of the AC/refrigeration system in
which liquid refrigerant is vaporized to
produce refrigeration.
An inspection made when a boiler is shut
down, with hand holes, manholes, or
other openings opened or removed to
permit inspection of the interior.
Liquid Receiver
A vessel permanently connected to a
system by inlet and outlet pipes for
storage of a liquid refrigerant.
Locomotive Boiler
A boiler mounted on a self-propelled track
locomotive used to furnish motivating
power for traveling on rails.

Low Pressure Heating Boiler
A boiler operated at pressures not
exceeding 1.05 kgs/sqm with steam or
2.1 General water temperature not exceeding 250ºF.
2.2 Refrigeration Machine
Cycle The driven unit of an equipment.
2.3 Types of Air- Machine House
Conditioning An enclosure for housing the hoisting
Systems mechanism and power plant.
2.4 Air-Conditioning
Machine Parts
Equipment
Any or all moving parts of a machine.
2.5 Heating
Systems Mechanical Works Plant
Includes steam plants, internal
combustion engine plants, hydraulic
2.6 Provisions in
the NBC power plants, pumping plants,
refrigerating plants, air conditioning
Concerning HVAC
plants, mill shops, factories, foundries,
shipyards, etc. containing any mechanical
equipment, machinery or process, driven
by steam, internal or external combustion
fuel, electricity, gas, air, water, heat,
chemicals or other prime movers.
2.0 HVAC
Point of Operation
That part of a machine which performs an
operation on the stock or material and/or
that place or location where stock or
material is fed to the machine. A machine
may have more than one point of
operation.
Portable Boiler
An internally fired boiler which is self-
contained, primarily intended for
temporary location.
Prime Mover
An engine or motor operated by steam,
gas, air, electricity, liquid or gaseous fuels,
liquids in motion or other forms of energy
whose main function is to drive or
operate, either directly of indirectly, other
mechanical equipment.
Process Machine
An equipment designed and operated for
a specific purpose.
 2.0 HVAC
Refrigerant 2.6.2 Boilers and Pressure
A substance which produces a
refrigerating effect by its absorption of Vessels
2.1 General heat while expanding or evaporating.
1. Location of Boilers:
2.2 Refrigeration Ton of Refrigeration
Cycle The useful refrigerating effect equal to a) Boilers may be located inside buildings
12,000 BTU/hour; 200 BTU/min. provided that the boiler room is of
2.3 Types of Air-
reinforced concrete or masonry and that
Conditioning Unfired Pressure Vessel the boiler room shall not be used for any
Systems A vessel in which pressure is obtained other purpose.
from an external source or from an
2.4 Air-Conditioning indirect application of heat. b) In case the main building is not made
Equipment
up of fire resistive materials, boilers shall
Ventilation be located outside the building at a
2.5 Heating
Process of supplying or removing air by distance of not less than 3.00 m from the
Systems
natural or mechanical means to or from outside wall of the main building and the
any space. building housing the boiler shall be made
2.6 Provisions in
up of fire resistive materials.
the NBC
Concerning HVAC
c) No part of the boiler shall be closer
than one meter from any wall.

d) Fire tube boilers shall be provided with

sufficient room for removal/replacement of
tubes either thru the front or rear.

2. Smokestacks whether self
supporting or guyed, shall be of
sufficient capacity to handle fuel
2.1 General
gases, shall be able to withstand a
2.2 Refrigeration wind load of 175 km per hour and
Cycle shall rise at least 5 m above the
eaves of any building within a radius
2.3 Types of Air- of 50 m.
Conditioning
Systems 3. Manufacturers/assemblers of
boilers/pressure vessels/pressurized
2.4 Air-Conditioning
Equipment water heaters shall stamp each
vessel on the front head or on any
2.5 Heating other suitable location with the name
Systems of the manufacturer, serial number,
maximum allowable working
2.6 Provisions in pressure, heating surface in sqm
the NBC
and year of manufacture.
Concerning HVAC
4. Boilers of more than 46 sqm
heating surface shall each be
provided with two means of feeding
water, one steam driven and one
electrically driven, one pump and
one injector.
2.0 HVAC
5. Two check valves shall be
provided between any feed pump
and the boiler in addition to the
regular shut-off valve.
6. Where two or more boilers are
connected in parallel, each steam
outlet shall be provided with a non-
return valve and a shut-off valve.
7. Boiler rooms shall have at least
two separate exits.
8. In no case shall the maximum
pressure of an old/existing boiler be
increased to a greater pressure than
would be allowed for a new boiler of
same construction.
9. Each boiler shall have at least one
safety valve. For boilers having more
than 46 sqm pressure of water heating
surface or a generating capacity
exceeding 907 kg per hour, two (2) or
more safety valves shall be required.

10. Each boiler shall have a steam
gauge, with a dial range of not less
than 1-1/2 times and not more than
2.1 General
twice the maximum allowable
2.2 Refrigeration working pressure. It may be
Cycle connected to the steam space or to
the steam connection to the water
2.3 Types of Air- column.
Conditioning
Systems 11. Whenever repairs/replacements
are made on fittings or appliances,
2.4 Air-Conditioning
Equipment the work shall comply with the
section on New Installation of the
2.5 Heating Philippine Mechanical Engineering
Systems Code.
2.6 Provisions in 12. After a permit has been granted
the NBC
to install a boiler/pressure
Concerning HVAC
vessel/pressurized water heater
upon payment of the installation
fees thereof, it shall be the duty of
the Building Official to make periodic
inspection of the installation to
determine compliance with the
approved plans and specifications.
2.0 HVAC
13. Upon the completion of the
installation, the Building Official shall
conduct an inspection and test, after
which a certificate of operation for a
period not exceeding one year shall be
issued upon payment of the required
inspection fees.
14. The Building Official shall notify the
owner in writing of the intended date of
the annual inspection at least 15 days in
advance. However, the owner may
request a postponement in writing of said
inspection and the Building Official shall
fix a date for inspection agreeable to both,
but not to exceed 30 days from the
intended date.
15. The owner or user of a boiler shall
prepare the same for inspection by
cooling it down blanking off all
connections to adjacent boilers, removing
all soot and ashes from tubes, heads,
shell, furnace and combustion chamber.
The owner shall assist the Building
Official by providing all labor and
equipment required during said
inspection.

2.6.3 Refrigeration and Air-
Conditioning
2.1 General 1. The temperature and humidity of
the air to be used for comfortable
2.2 Refrigeration cooling shall be maintained at 68-74ºF
Cycle
effective temperature at an air
movement from 4.57 to 7.60 MPM
2.3 Types of Air-
Conditioning within the living zone.
Systems
2. Water from evaporators,
2.4 Air-Conditioning condensers and other machinery shall
Equipment be properly collected into a suitable
water or drainage system.
2.5 Heating
Systems 3. Ducts shall be constructed entirely
of non-combustible materials such as
2.6 Provisions in steel, iron, aluminum or other
the NBC approved materials. Only fire retardant
Concerning HVAC lining shall be used on the inside of
ducts.
4. Access doors shall be provided at
all automatic dampers, fire dampers,
thermostats and other apparatus
requiring service and inspection in the
duct system.
2.0 HVAC
5. Where ducts pass thru walls, floors
or partitions, the space around the duct
shall be sealed with fire resistant
material equivalent to that of the wall,
floor or partition, to prevent the
passage of flame or smoke.
6. When ducts or the outlets or inlets
to them pass through fire walls, they
shall be provided with automatic fire
dampers on both sides of the fire wall
through which they pass.
7. Fire doors and fire dampers shall
be arranged to close automatically and
remain tightly closed, upon the
operation of a fusible link or other
approved heat actuated device,
located where readily affected by an
abnormal rise of temperature in the
duct.

8. Each refrigerating system shall be
provided with a legible metal sign
permanently attached and easily
2.1 General accessible, indicating thereon the
name of manufacturer or installer, kind
2.2 Refrigeration and total number of kgs of refrigerant
Cycle
contained in the system and field test
pressure applied.
2.3 Types of Air-
Conditioning
Systems 9. In refrigerating plants of more than
45 kg refrigerant, masks and helmets
2.4 Air-Conditioning shall be used. These shall be kept in a
Equipment suitable cabinet outside the machine
room when not in use.
2.5 Heating
Systems 10. Not more than 136 kgs of
refrigerant in approved containers shall
2.6 Provisions in be stored in a machine room at any
the NBC given time.
Concerning HVAC
11. Where ammonia is used, the
discharge may be into a tank of water,
which shall be used for no other
purpose except ammonia absorption.
At least one gallon of water shall be
provided for every 0.4536 kg of
ammonia in the system.
2.0 HVAC
12. Refrigerant piping crossing a
passageway in any building shall not be
less than 2.3 m above the floor.
13. In a refrigerating system containing
more than 9 kgs, stop valves shall be
installed in inlets and outlets of
compressors, outlets of liquid receivers,
and in liquid and suction branch header.
14. Window type ACs shall be provided
with drain pipe or plastic tubing for
discharging condensate water into a
suitable container.
15. Window type AC installed on ground
floors of buildings shall not be less than
2.13 m from the ground.
16. Window type ACs shall be provided
with exhaust ducts if the exhaust is
discharged into corridors/hallways/
arcades/sidewalks etc.
17. Window type ACs installed along
corridors/hallways/above the first floor
shall not be less than 2.13 m above the
floor level.
 2.0 HVAC
2.6.4 Piping 7. Piping carrying steam, hot water of hot
liquids shall not be embedded in concrete
walls or floors and shall be properly
1. Piping shall, as much as possible, run
2.1 General insulated to prevent accidental scalding to
parallel to building walls.
persons and to minimize heat loss.
2.2 Refrigeration
2. Grouped piping shall be supported on
Cycle 8. Color coding of piping shall be as
racks, on either horizontal or vertical
follows:
planes.
2.3 Types of Air-
Conditioning a) Steam Division
3. Piping on racks shall have sufficient
Systems High Pressure- White
space for pipe or chain wrenches so that
Exhaust System – Buff
any single line can be
2.4 Air-Conditioning b) Water Division
altered/repaired/replaced without
Equipment Fresh water, low pressure – Blue
disturbing the rest.
Fresh water, high pressure – Blue
2.5 Heating Salt water piping – Green
4. Piping 100mm in diameter and above
Systems c) Oil Division
shall be flanged. Smaller sized pipes
Delivery – Brass or Bronze
may be screwed.
2.6 Provisions in Discharge – Yellow
the NBC d) Pneumatic Division
5. Piping subjected to varying
Concerning HVAC All piping – Gray
temperatures shall be provided with
e) Gas Division
expansion joints.
All piping – Black
f) Fuel Oil Division
6. Galvanized piping shall not be used for
All piping – Black
steam.
g) Refrigerating Division
Pipes – Black
Fittings – Black
2.0 HVAC
2.0 HVAC
2.0 HVAC
 2.0 HVAC

refrigeration
HEATING,
VENTILATION AND
AIR-CONDITIONING

END