ELECTRONICS

COMMUNICATIONS(EKT313)
 Lecturers : 1.Pn Sahadah binti Ahmad
 2.Dr.Mohd Fareq bin Malek
 3. Pn Sharifah Zarihan (PLV)
 Contact #: 1. 017 5722339/04 9852605
 2. 016 5219769/04 985
 3. 012 4539120/04 9852721
 Email : shahadah@unimap.edu.my
 mfareq@unimap.edu.my
 zarihan@unimap.edu.my
 EKT313
Sem: 1 2011/2012

 Meeting: Lecture 3 Hours @ DK

Lab 2 Hours / 2 sessions @
MKR 3 & MKY 7


 Attendance are compulsory!!

Course Outcomes (CO)
 CO1: Ability to utilize software and simulation tools in designing
systems in communications .
 CO2: Ability to analyze transmission of the signal through
channels, noise and modulation.
 CO3: Ability to identify, analyze and design the architecture of
radio frequency , amplifiers, mixers, AM and FM
modulators and demodulators, transmitter circuits and
receiver circuits.
 CO4: Ability to perform measurement, analyze output signal
and trouble shoot using laboratory equipments /
instruments.
 SYNOPSIS
 OBJECTIVES:
 This subject introduces the students about the
design and electronics used in communication
system. This includes the design and architecture
of radio frequency amplifiers, mixers, AM and FM
modulators and demodulators, transmitter
circuits and receiver’s circuits. It is also to give
introduction to students about how to analyze
circuit and its importance in communication
electronic field.
 SYNOPSIS
 TOPICS COVERED ARE:
 Introductions to Electronics Communications,
 AM& SSB Modulations & AM Circuits,

 FM and FM Circuits,

 Radio Transmitter and

 Communications Receivers

 Transmission Lines
 SYNOPSIS
 Practical:
 Designing and constructing of Radio
Frequency (RF) Receiver architecture, i.e.
modulator, demodulator, oscillator, filters,
down converters, etc using software and
hardwares.
 Software : ADS 2009
 ASSESSMENTS
 Final exam = 50%
 Test 1 & 2 = 20%
 Lab = 30%


5% presentation
5% Report 20% Project
List of text books and references

 [1] Louis E. Frenzel Jr, Principles of

Electronic Communication Systems , 3rd
Ed., McGrawHill 2008. (text)
 [2] Wayne Tomasi, Electronics
Communication Systems, Prentice Hall
 [3] Paul Young, Electronics
Communications Techniques,
 LECTURE 1

REVIEW TO COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
PART 1
WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND

of
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM?
DEFINITIONS OF
COMMUNICATIONS
 Humans exchanging information
 Machines exchanging information
 Conveying thoughts, feelings,
ideas, and facts
 Sending and receiving information
by electronic means
BARRIERS TO
COMMUNICATIONS

 Language: human,
computer, or electronic
 Distance: space between
sending and receiving
parties
COMMON FORMS OF
COMMUNICATIONS
 Human voice: face-to-face conversations,
public speakers, actors in plays, etc.
 Audio: CDs, tape, records, radio
 Body language: non-verbal
 Print: newspapers, magazines, books, etc.
 Film: still and movie
 Video: movies, graphics and animation
 Music: personal, concerts
FORMS OF ELECTRONIC
COMMUNICATIONS
 Radio and TV broadcasting
 Telephone, wired and wireless
 Fax
 Pagers
 Computer networks: modem, e-
mail, Internet and World Wide
Web, wireless
 Satellites, radar, radio telescopes
 MODEL OF ALL
COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS

Transmitter Channel Receiver

Communications
TX medium RX

Noise
Information to be Received
information
transmitted
 Model of all communication
systems
Basic components:

 Transmitter
 Channel or medium
 Receiver
 Noise degrades or
interferes with transmitted
information.
Communication Systems
Transmitter
 The transmitter is a collection of electronic
components and circuits that converts the electrical
signal into a signal suitable for transmission over a
given medium.

 Transmitters are made up of oscillators, amplifiers,

tuned circuits and filters, modulators, frequency
mixers, frequency synthesizers, and other circuits.
Communication Systems
Communication Channel
 The communication channel is the
medium by which the electronic signal is
sent from one place to another.
 Types of media include
 Electrical conductors
 Optical media
 Free space
 System-specific media (e.g., water is the medium for
sonar).
Communication Systems

Receivers
 A receiver is a collection of electronic
components and circuits that accepts the
transmitted message from the channel and
converts it back into a form understandable by
humans.
 Receivers contain amplifiers, oscillators, mixers,
tuned circuits and filters, and a demodulator or
detector that recovers the original intelligence
signal from the modulated carrier
Communication Systems
Transceivers
 A transceiver is an electronic unit that
incorporates circuits that both send and
receive signals.
 Examples are:
• Telephones
• Fax machines
• Handheld CB radios
• Cell phones
• Computer modems
Communication Systems
Noise
 Noise is random, undesirable electronic
energy that enters the communication
system via the communicating medium and
interferes with the transmitted message.
TYPES OF
COMMUNICATIONS
Channel Simplex:
TX RX One-way

Duplex:
Two-way
TX RX
Half duplex:
Channel(s) Alternate TX/RX
Full duplex:
RX TX Simultaneous
TX/RX
TYPES OF COMMUNICATIONS
SIGNALS
Analog - smooth and continuous voltage variation.

Digital - binary or two voltage levels.

Time
COMMUNICATIONS
SIGNAL VARIATIONS
 Baseband - The original
information signal such as audio,
video, or computer data. Can be
analog or digital.
 Broadband - The baseband signal
modulates or modifies a carrier
signal, which is usually a sine
wave at a frequency much higher
than the baseband signal.
 MODULATION
 An electronic technique in which a
baseband information signal
modifies a carrier signal (usually a
sine wave) for the purpose of
frequency translation and carrying
the information signal via radio.
 The common types of modulation
are amplitude, frequency and phase.
Modulation at the transmitter
 AMPLITUDE MODULATION
The modulating (baseband) signal is a sinusoid in this example.

High-frequency carrier
 An AM signal as it usually
appears on an oscilloscope

The carrier frequency is normally much

higher than the baseband frequency.
 FREQUENCY MODULATION

The baseband signal controls the carrier’s frequency

and the carrier’s amplitude remains constant.
Carrier Modulating signal

Resting fc
FM

Increasing fc

Decreasing fc

Increasing fc

Resting fc
MULTIPLEXING

 Multiplexing (MUX or MPX) - the

process of simultaneously transmitting
two or more baseband information
signals over a single communications
channel.
 Demultiplexing (DEMUX or DMPX) - the
process of recovering the individual
baseband signals from the multiplexed
signal.
 MULTIPLEXING AND
DEMULTIPLEXING
Single communications channel (radio or cable)

MUX DEMUX

Original baseband Recovered baseband

information signals information signals
Modulation and Multiplexing
 ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
 Radio broadcasting (AM & FM)
 Television broadcasting (analog &
DTV)
 Cable TV
 Wireless remote control
 Paging
 Navigation and direction finding
 Telemetry
ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS
APPLICATIONS (Continued)
 Radio astronomy
 Surveillance
 RF identification (ID)
 Music services
 Telephones (wired, cordless,
cellular)
 Facsimile
 Two-way radio
ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS
APPLICATIONS (Continued)
 Radar
 Sonar
 Amateur radio
 Citizens and family radio
 Data communications
 Networks
 Internet and World Wide
Web
 FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH
 Cycle - One complete occurrence of a
repeating wave (periodic signal) such
as one positive and one negative
alternation of a sine wave.
 Frequency - the number of cycles of a
signal that occur in one second.
 Period - the time distance between two
similar points on a periodic wave.
 Wavelength - the distance traveled by
an electromagnetic (radio) wave during
one period.
PERIOD AND FREQUENCY
COMPARED
T = One period

time

One cycle Frequency = f = 1/T

Frequency and wavelength compared
+
T

0 time

f = 1/T

distance
CALCULATING WAVELENGTH
AND FREQUENCY

 = 300/f

f = 300/

 = wavelength in meters

f = frequency in MHz
 30 Hz 107 m

ELF
300 Hz 106 m

VF
3 kHz 105 m

(f = 300/)
VLF
30 kHz 104 m

LF
300 kHz 103 m
MF
3 MHz 102 m
HF

Frequency
30 MHz 10 m
Wavelength

300 MHz 1m

3 GHz 10-1 m
FROM 30 HZ TO 300 GHZ

30 GHz 10-2 m
VHF UHF SHF EHF
( = 300/f)

300 GHz 10-3 m

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

Millimeter
waves
10-4 m
 LOW AND MEDIUM
FREQUENCIES
 Extremely Low Frequencies - 30 to
300 Hz
 Voice Frequencies - 300 to 3000 Hz
 Very Low Frequencies - 3 kHz to 30
kHz
 Low Frequencies - 30 kHz to 300 kHz
 Medium Frequencies - 300 kHz to 3
MHz
 HIGH FREQUENCIES
 High Frequencies
- 3 MHz to 30 MHz
 Very High Frequencies
- 30 MHz to 300 MHz
 Ultra High Frequencies
- 300 MHz to 3 GHz
(1 GHz and above = microwaves)
 Super High Frequencies
- 3 GHz to 30 GHz
 Extremely High Frequencies
- 30 GHz to 300 GHz
300 GHz 10-3 m
Millimeter
waves
10-4 m

10-5 m
Infrared
0.8 x 10-6 m
Visible
0.4 x 10-6 m

Ultraviolet

X-rays

Gamma rays
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM ABOVE 300 GHZ

Cosmic rays
Wavelength
 OPTICAL FREQUENCIES

 Infrared - 0.7 to 10 micron

 Visible light - 0.4 to 0.8 micron
 Ultraviolet - Shorter than 0.4
micron
Note: A micron is one millionth of a meter.
Light waves are measured and expressed
in wavelength rather than frequency.
 Noise, interference and
distortion
 Noise:unwanted signals that coincide with the desired
signals. Noise is random, undesirable electric energy.
 Two type of noise:internal and external noise.
 Internal noise: Caused by internal
devices/components in the circuits.
 External noise:noise that is generated outside the
circuit. Eg: atmospheric noise,solar noise, cosmic
noise, man made noise.
 Interference-one type of external noise
 Distortion: signal being distorted
Limitations in communication
system
 Physical constraint
-Delay, attenuation, bandwidth
limitation, etc
 Technological constraint

- hardware.

- Expertise

- economy, law
Frequency Spectrum &Bandwidth

 The frequency spectrum of a waveform

consists of all frequencies contained in
the waveform and their amplitudes
plotted in the frequency domain.
 The bandwidth of a frequency spectrum
is the range of of frequencies contained
in the spectrum.It is calculated by
subtracting the lowest frequency from
the highest.
Frequency Spectrum &Bandwidth
(cont’d)
 Bandwidth of the information signal
equals to the difference between the
highest and lowest frequency contained
in the signal.
 Similarly, bandwidth of communication
channel is the difference between the
highest and lowest frequency that the
channel allow to pass through it
At this stage you should be able to:
● Explain the functions of the three main parts
of an electronic communication system.
● Describe the system used to classify
different types of electronic communication
and list example of each type.
● Discuss the role of modulation and
multiplexing in facilitating signal transmission.