Construction Design Blue Prints

BASIC BLUEPRINT READING
1
SUBJECTS
 DRAWING BASICS
 ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS
Basic Blueprint Reading
 PNEUMATIC/HYDRAULIC DRAWINGS
 PIPING AND PI&D DRAWINGS
 CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS
 MACHINE DRAWINGS
2
DRAWING BASICS
3
Objectives
 Define basic industrial drawing structure

 Define line types
 Define types of drawings
4
Purpose of Drawings
 Drawings are used to convey information about a
wide range items such as:
Architectural building layouts

 Electrical wiring
 Pneumatic or Hydraulic layouts
 Location of equipment
 How to assemble equipment
 Details of equipment
5
Types of Drawings
 Civil
 Architectural
 Structural
 Mechanical
 Plumbing
 Piping
 Pneumatic/Hydraulic
 Electrical
6
Engineering Drawings
 A general engineering drawing can be divided
into the following five major areas or parts.
– 1. Title block
– 2. Grid system
– 3. Revision block
– 4. Notes and legends
– 5. Engineering drawing (graphic portion)
7
Drawing Sizes
 Drawings come in a alphabetical list of sizes for A to F
with D size being the most typical
A – (letter) Metric sizes

A4 (210 x 297)
A3 (297 x 420)
8 ½ by 11inches
A2 (420 x 594)
B - 11 by 17inches
A1 (594 x 841)
C - 17 by 22 inches
A0 (841 x 1189)
D - 22 by 34 inches
E - 34 by 44 inches
F - 28 by 40 inches
8
Title Blocks
 Title blocks are the beginning point of a drawing

information.
XYZ COMPANY
9
Revision Blocks
 The revision block notes any changes made
to a drawing
 Throughout a drawing the revision listed in the

revision block may be indicated by a symbol near the
modified portion of the drawing such as:
A
10
Parts Lists
 Parts Lists are called Bill of Materials. It is a list

of the material that is used to build the item that
is
11
Scales
 Drawing scale is a relationship of the size or

distance of the item on a drawing to the real
item.
 For example a scale of ¼” = 1’ means a
measurement of ¼ inch (the quote symbol “ is a
shorthand for inches) on the drawing equals 1
foot ( the apostrophe symbol ‘ is shorthand for
feet) of the real world item.
12
Grid System
 A drawing grid system allows a specific point
on a drawing to be referenced or found.
1 2 3 4 5 6
C
This point on the drawing is B-3
13
Basic Lines
 Object lines
 Hidden lines
 Cutting plane lines

 Centerlines
 Extension lines
 Dimension lines
 Leaders line
 Phantom lines
Object Line
The object line is a heavy, dark line which identifies

the visible edges of the drawn object or the surface
of an object.
Hidden Line
 The hidden line is used to show features or edges
of an object that is not visible. It is a broken line of
medium thickness.
Center Line
 The center line is used to locate the center of

features. It is usually a fine, broken line made of
alternating short and long dashes.

Dimension Line / Extension Line
 Dimension Lines are used to show the extent of

a dimension.
 Extension Lines are use to extend a point from

an object.
Extension Line
Dimension Line
Phantom
 Phantom lines are used to represents the outline

of an adjacent part.
 The also are used to show an alternate position

of a given part
Phantom
19
Leader
 A leader is a fine line used to define a point or area. It

may have a note, dimension value or a number at the
end of it
1
Grind Surface
Cutting Plane Line
 Cutting plane lines are used to indicate where an imaginary cut is

made through the object. If it is labeled the section may be redrawn
in detail in another part of the drawing.
A A
Break Lines
 Break lines are uses to terminate a view to

 Short Break Line
conserve drawing space and avoid congestion.
 Break lines are also used to separate internal

and external features with broken-out sections
Break Lines Example
The break line is being used to show a part

reduced in length on the drawing to conserve
space.
3”
250 feet
Section Lines
 Section lines are used where a surface is
illustrated as cut.
 It normally is used in a sectional view.
 The lines are normally drawn diagonally.

Dimensioning Systems
 Different systems of dimensioning are generally

used
– Fractional inch
– Decimal inch
– SI Metric
25
Fractional Inch Dimensioning
2 Dia
21/32 Dia
3/16
1/2
1 9/16 Dia
26
Decimal Inch Dimensioning
2.00 Ø
.656 Ø
.19
.50
1.56 Ø
27
Metric Dimensioning
Ø 50
Ø 16.5
5
13
Ø 40
28
Abbreviations
 Abbreviations are used to help reduce clutter and
simplify drawings. A table is included in the drawing.
BOT BOTTOM MH MANHOLE R RADIUS
C/C CENTER TO CENTER MIN MINIMUM REF REFERENCE
CMP CORRUGATED METAL PIPE N NORTH R/W RIGHT OF WAY
CONC CONCRETE NC NOT IN CONTACT SCH SCHEDULE
DIA DIAMETER NTS NOT TO SCALE SF SQUARE FEET
E EAST, ELECTRICAL OC ON CENTER SQ SQUARE
EL ELEVATION O.D. OUSIDE DIAMETER STA STATION
FG FINISH GRADE OHW OVERHEAD WIRES T TELEPHONE
H HORIZONTAL PL PROPERTY LINE TYP TYPICAL
HP HIGH POINT POB POINT OF BEGINNING UNO UNLESS NOTED

OTHERWISE
IE INVERT ELEVATION POE POINT OF ENDING
INV INVERT PP POWER POLE

29
Drawing Legends
 Legends are
boxes drawn on
the drawing to
illustrate some of
the common or
uncommon
symbols used.
30
Isometric Drawings
 Isometric drawings are designed to show a three

dimensional view of an object.
31
Perspective
 Perspective is a method of drawing things as the

eye sees them.
Vanishing point
32
Orthographic Drawings
 Orthographic projection shows the drawn object

from different views
Top
view
Left side Right side

Front Rear
Bottom
33
Projection view
Single Line Drawings
 The single line format represents all electrical lines,
plumbing, air lines, hydraulic lines and
piping, regardless of size, as single line.
 System equipment is connected to the lines are

represented by simple standard symbols.
 By simplifying connections and equipment
as single lines allow the system's equipment and
instrumentation relationships to be clearly understood by
the reader.
 These types of drawings are also called Schematics.
34
Civil
 Civil drawings are used to represent construction
on the earth or ground areas.
Civil drawings are sometimes called:

– site plans
– plot plans
– survey plans.
 They will show contours of the earth, building
locations, construction features, utilities, etc.
35
Contour Lines
 Contour lines are used in drawings called
topographic maps and are used to identify physical
features which uses contour lines to join points of
equal elevation (height) and thus show valleys and
hills, and the steepness of slopes. The elevation or

height is a number drawn along the line.
180
160
140
120
110
36
Architectural
 Architectural drawings or plans are used to
illustrate the design of a project.
They include items such as:

– Working drawings
– Structural drawings
– Floor plans
– Elevation drawings
– Section drawings
– Flow diagrams
37
Gridlines
 Gridlines refers to the letters and numbers, such

as A-1, which identifies the columns of a building
in a drawing.
C B A
Column A-1
2
Column symbol
3
38
Mechanical
 Mechanical drawings are the plans for objects

such as motors, assemblies for equipment, etc.
 There are many types of drawings associated

with mechanical drawings such as:
– Exploded view
– Detail
– Assembly
39
Example Mechanical Detail
40
Example Assembly Drawing
41
42
An Exploded View
Plumbing/Piping
 These types of drawings are similar to

pneumatic/hydraulic schematics.
40.00 36.00
TEE
PIPELINE Valve
TANK
Single Line Plumbing Example

43
Single Line Drawing
 A Single line plumbing drawing example

40.00 36.00
TEE
PIPELINE Valve
TANK
44
Orthographic Piping Drawing
45
P&ID
 Piping and Instrumentation Drawings

 These drawings are similar to plumbing but are
intended to illustrate the complete piping system

and the controlled process flow of material.
 All the equipment, pipelines, valves, pumps,
instruments and the controls to operate the
process are illustrated. They are not drawn to
scale.
46
Example P&ID
FROM FUTURE MAIN
VAPOR RECOVERY UNIT
CS
SLUG CONTACTOR
CATCHER
H.P. BULK
SEPARATOR
COALESCING
FILTER NO. 1
PRODUCTION FROM FILTER

SATELLITES (TYP.) SEPARATOR
TEST
SEPARATOR FILL FROM CIS
TRANSPORTER
HYDROCYCLONES
(TYP. 2)
FRESH CIS PUMPS FRESH CIS TANK

FRESH CIS
(TYP. 2)
CHARGE PUMPS
(TYP. 2)
47
Electrical
 Electrical drawings are also single line drawings

or schematics that uses symbols for various
electrical equipment.
 They are usually drawn in a style called a ladder
diagram.
 Another form of drawing is a wiring diagram
which illustrates the wiring in a orthographic or
pictorial style.
48
Example Ladder
 Ladder schematics or diagrams are drawn with

the circuit between two vertical lines, usually the
power that supplies the circuit, thus each line

creates a “rung” to the ladder.
L1 115 VAC L2
Pushbutton Pilot Light
49
Example Wiring Diagram
 Electrical wiring diagrams draws the single lines

from each device exactly as it would be wired.
50
Electrical Schematics
 Electronic schematics use symbols for each

component found in an electrical circuit.
R4
Q1 Q2
D1 C2
T1
R2
C3
R1 - +
L1 C1
R3
+ -
VGG
51
Summary
 Review Objectives
 Question and Answer Session
 RETURN TO MAIN MENU

52
Basic Line Symbols
2
Line Working line, pilot 12 10
supply, return, electrical 3 1

Dashed Pilot control, bleed,

filter
Enclosure of two
Chain
or more functions
in one unit
Line Electrical line
53 Spring
Circle Shapes
Circles
energy conversion units
measuring instrument
mechanical link
roller
54
Squares and Rectangles
control component
Square connections perpendicular
to sides
Square at conditioning apparatus

45o connections to corners
Rectangle cylinders and valves
55
Squares and Rectangles
Rectangles
piston
certain control
methods
56
Basic Symbols
rotary actuator, motor or
Semi-circle pump with limited angle
of rotation
Capsule pressurised reservoir

air receiver, auxiliary
gas bottle
Double line mechanical

connection
piston rod, lever,
shaft
57
Functional Elements
Direction and nature of fluid,

Triangle
open pneumatic or filled
hydraulic
Spring
Arrow Long sloping indicates

adjustability
58
Functional Elements
Arrows
Straight or sloping path and flow

direction, or motion through a
device
Tee Closed path or port
Restriction
59
Functional Elements
Curved arrows are
used to illustrate
rotary motion
clockwise from right hand

Shaft rotation end
both
Seating or connection
used in check valves
and connectors
60
Functional Elements
Temperature Indication or control

size to suit
Operator Opposed
solenoid
windings
Prime mover M Electric motor M
61
Fittings
 If standard symbols for fittings like tees, elbows, crossings are not
shown on a drawing, they are represented by a continuous line.
 A circular symbol for a tee or elbow may be used when necessary
to show piping coming toward or moving away from the viewer.
Pipe Line Without Pipe Line with flanges

Flanges connected to ends
Pipe Pipe Rear Front

Going Coming view view
62 Away Towards flange flange
Single Line example
CROSS
GLOBE VALVE UNION GATE VALVE Y-FITTING
ELBOW
CAP
PLUG
COUPLING
TEE CHECK VALVE
(JOINT)
45°
REDUCER ELBOW
ELBOW
63
Pictorial Drawings
 Pictorial or double line drawings present the
same type information as a single line, but the
equipment is represented as if it had been
photographed.
 This format is rarely used since it requires
much more effort to produce than a single line
drawing and does not present any more
information as to how the system functions.
64
Pictorial example
 Orthographic Pipe Drawing

CROSS
Y-FITTING
CAP
GLOBE GATE
UNION
VALVE PLUG VALVE
45°
TEE COUPLING CHECK REDUCER ELBOW
(JOINT) VALVE
ELBOW
65
Common Piping Symbols
Comparison
Pictorial Symbol
90°
Elbows
Straight Tee
Reducing Tee
Sanitary Tee
P-Trap
Gate Valve
66
Valves
 Valves are used to control the direction, flow rate,

and pressure of fluids
GATE VALVE GLOBE VALVE
CHECK VALVE CONTROL VALVE
PLUG VALVE BALL VALVE
BUTTERFLY VALVE
67
P&ID’s
 The piping of a single system may contain more than a single
medium.
 For example, although the main process flow line may carry water,
the associated auxiliary piping may carry compressed air, inert gas,
or hydraulic fluid.
 Also, a fluid system diagram may also depict instrument signals
and electrical wires as well as piping.
 The following slide shows some commonly used symbols for
indicating the medium carried by the piping and for differentiating
between piping, instrumentation signals, and electrical wires.
68
Process and Instrumentation
Drawings P&ID’s
 These process flow diagrams include:

1. Pipe line numbers and directions
2. Pipe specifications and line sizes

3. All equipment
4. All valves
5. All Instrumentation with controlling devices
69
Lines
MAJOR PROCESS LINES - PIPE
MINOR PROCESS LINES

PROCESS TUBING
HYDRAULIC LINES
ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT SIGNAL
ELECTRICAL LEADS
PNEUMATIC LINES (GAS OR AIR)
INSTRUMENT CAPILLARY TUBING
70
Valve Symbols
Valve Normally Valve Normally
Open Closed
Needle Valve Needle Valve
Normally Open Normally Closed
Ball Valve Ball Valve

Globe Valve Globe Valve
Gate Valve Gate Valve

Two Valve
Butterfly Valve
Manifold
Note: the generic valve is

Blind Flanged commonly used on drawings with
Generic Valve the valve state noted next to it N.C.
71
Balloon Labeling
 A control valve may serve any number of functions within a
fluid system. To differentiate between valve uses, a balloon labeling
system is used to identify the function of a control valve.
 The first letter used in the valve designator indicates the parameter
to be controlled by the valve.
 For example:
– F = flow
– T = temperature
– L = level
– P = pressure FC
– H = hand (manually operated valve
Flow Control
Valve
72
CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING
73
Objectives
 Define Topographical Maps

 Define Contour Maps
 Define Geology and Mining Terms

 Define Site Plans Drawings
 Define Floor Plans
 Define Elevation Drawings
 Define Structural Drawings and symbols
74
Topographical Maps
 Maps which describe in detail local features of

the earth’s surface, either natural or man-made,
are called topographic maps (or drawings).

 Data taken from surveys are used to build these
drawings.
 Surveying is the actual measurement of
distances, elevations, and directions on the
earth’s surface.
75
Contours
 Most topographical maps are drawn as contours.
 Contours are lines drawn on a map to show
points of equal elevation; that is, all points on a
single contour line have the same elevation.

 A contour interval is the vertical distance
between horizontal planes passing through
successive contours as illustrated in the following
slide..
76
Example Contours Map
Control Points
Contours
Relative
Elevations
Profile
77
Contours Continued
 Contours may be plotted through the use of patterns of
distribution of points of recorded elevation.
 A popular pattern is the checkerboard or grid survey as
illustrated in the next slide.

 Line are established at right angles to each other,
dividing the survey into squares of appropriate size and
elevations are determined at the corners of the squares
78
Example Grid Contour Map
Contour
Elevation
Grid
79
Topographical Map Symbols
 Along with contour lines maps have many basic symbols to illustrate
land features and objects. The following are but a few examples.
Highway Highway Bridge
Railroad
Railroad Bridge
Telephone Line
Suspension Bridge
Power Line Dam
80
Site or Layout Drawings
 Layout drawings are also called general plans and profile
drawings. T
 They provide the necessary information on the location,
alignment, and elevation of the structure and its principal

parts in relation to the ground at the site.
 They also provide other important details, such as the
nature of the underlying soil or the location of adjacent
structures and roads.
81
82
Example Site Drawing
Example Symbols
Earth-rough grade
Concrete
Paving
Gravel
83 Earth-finish grade
Floor Plans
 Floor plans includes:

– thicknesses, and character of the building walls on
that particular floor

– the widths and locations of door and window
openings
– the lengths and character of partitions
– the number and arrangement of rooms
– the types and locations of utility installations
84
Floor Layout Example
Window Symbol
Door Symbol
85
Elevation Drawings
 Elevation drawings are closely related to the floor

plans of a building.
 These drawings are of vertical views of the

building, usually of the outside walls.
Front Elevation Side Elevation

86
Structural Drawings
 Architectural and structural drawings are

generally considered to be the drawings of steel,
wood, concrete, and other materials used to

construct buildings.
87
Beams
 A beam is identified by its nominal depth, in inches and weight per
foot of length.
 The cross section of an American Standard beam (I) forms the
letter I. These I-beams, like wide-flange beams, are identified by

nominal depth and weight per foot
or S
Symbols Top
End
Front
88
Channels
 A cross section of a channel is similar to the squared letter C.
Channels are identified by their nominal depth and weight per foot
C or
Symbols
Top
End
Front
89
Angles
 The cross section of an angle resembles the

letter L. Angles are identified by the dimensions
in inches of their legs, as L 7 x 4 x 1/2.
L
Top
Symbol
Front End
90
Tees
 A structural tee is made by slitting a
standard I- or H- beam through the center of
its web, thus forming two T-shapes from
each beam. In dimensioning, the structural

tee symbol is preceded by the letters ST.
ST or T
Top
Symbols
91 Front End
Members
 The main parts of a structure are the load-bearing
structural members that support and transfer the loads on
the structure while remaining in equilibrium with each
other.
 The places where members are connected to other
members are called joints.
 The total load supported by the structural members at
a particular instant is equal to the total dead load plus
the total live load.
92
Vertical Members
 Columns are high-strength vertical structural members; in
buildings they may be called pillars.
 A pier in building construction may be called a short column. It
could rest on a footing or it may be simply set or driven in the
ground. In bridge construction a pier is a vertical member that

provides intermediate support for the bridge superstructure.
 The vertical structural members in light-frame construction are
called studs. They are supported on horizontal members called
sills or sole plates, and are topped by horizontal members called
top plates or stud caps.
 Corner posts are enlarged studs located at the building corners.
93
Horizontal Members
 A horizontal load-bearing structural member that spans
a space and is supported at both ends is called a beam.
 A member that is fixed at one end is called a cantilever.
 One type of steel member is actually a light truss and is

called an open-web steel joist or a bar-steel joist.
94
Trusses
 A truss is a framework consisting of two

horizontal (or nearly horizontal) members joined
together by a number of vertical and/or inclined

members to form a series of triangles.
Trusses
95

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BASIC BLUEPRINT READING

 Define basic industrial drawing structure

 Define types of drawings

A – (letter) Metric sizes

 Title blocks are the beginning point of a drawing

 Throughout a drawing the revision listed in the

 Parts Lists are called Bill of Materials. It is a list

 Drawing scale is a relationship of the size or

 Cutting plane lines

The object line is a heavy, dark line which identifies

 The center line is used to locate the center of

alternating short and long dashes.

 Dimension Lines are used to show the extent of

 Extension Lines are use to extend a point from

 Phantom lines are used to represents the outline

 The also are used to show an alternate position

 A leader is a fine line used to define a point or area. It

 Cutting plane lines are used to indicate where an imaginary cut is

 Break lines are uses to terminate a view to

 Break lines are also used to separate internal

The break line is being used to show a part

 The lines are normally drawn diagonally.

 Different systems of dimensioning are generally

BOT BOTTOM MH MANHOLE R RADIUS

C/C CENTER TO CENTER MIN MINIMUM REF REFERENCE

CMP CORRUGATED METAL PIPE N NORTH R/W RIGHT OF WAY

CONC CONCRETE NC NOT IN CONTACT SCH SCHEDULE

DIA DIAMETER NTS NOT TO SCALE SF SQUARE FEET

E EAST, ELECTRICAL OC ON CENTER SQ SQUARE

EL ELEVATION O.D. OUSIDE DIAMETER STA STATION

FG FINISH GRADE OHW OVERHEAD WIRES T TELEPHONE

H HORIZONTAL PL PROPERTY LINE TYP TYPICAL

HP HIGH POINT POB POINT OF BEGINNING UNO UNLESS NOTED

INV INVERT PP POWER POLE

 Isometric drawings are designed to show a three

 Perspective is a method of drawing things as the

 Orthographic projection shows the drawn object

Left side Right side

 System equipment is connected to the lines are

hills, and the steepness of slopes. The elevation or

 Gridlines refers to the letters and numbers, such

 Mechanical drawings are the plans for objects

 There are many types of drawings associated

 These types of drawings are similar to

Single Line Plumbing Example

 A Single line plumbing drawing example

 Piping and Instrumentation Drawings

intended to illustrate the complete piping system

PRODUCTION FROM FILTER

FRESH CIS PUMPS FRESH CIS TANK

 Electrical drawings are also single line drawings

 Ladder schematics or diagrams are drawn with

power that supplies the circuit, thus each line

 Electrical wiring diagrams draws the single lines

 Electronic schematics use symbols for each

 RETURN TO MAIN MENU

supply, return, electrical 3 1

Dashed Pilot control, bleed,

Square at conditioning apparatus

Rectangle cylinders and valves

Capsule pressurised reservoir

Double line mechanical

Direction and nature of fluid,