Historical

Antecedents in the
Course of Science and
Technology
Ancient Times
• Transportation
• People were trying to go places and discover new horizons.

• Navigation
• Assisted them in their journeys to unfamiliar and strange areas in the
world.

• Communication
• Essential in their indivors to discover and occupy new places.

• Record-keeping
• Important since they needed to remember the places they had been
to and document the trades they made with each other.
• Mass Production
• Increase in size and number of nations connoted increase demand for food
and other basic necessities.
• Security and protection
• Considered a major achievement.
• Weapons and armors- were important as well in the discovery of new places
or the stablishment of new alliance with ther tribes.
• Health
• Science and technology played a major role in the discovery of cures to, if
not the prevention of, illnesses
• Aesthetics
• Human later developed the technology to improve how they look
• Engineering
• Establishment of structures for protection from human attacks and
natural disasters and construction of bigger and stronger infrastructures.

• Architecture
• Elaborate architectural designs were signs of technological advancement
of a particular civilization.
Sumerian Civilization
• Located on the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia
• Known for their high degree of cooperation with one another and
their desire for great things.
Cuneiform
A system that
utilizes word pictures
and triangular symbols
which are carved on
clay using wedge
instruments and then
left to dry.

Sumerian deities listed in

cuneiform, 2400BC
Uruk City
It is considered to
be the first true city in
the world and also for
the way it was erected.
The Sumerian build the
city using only mud or
clay from the river,
which they mixed with
reeds, producing sun-
baked bricks.
The Great Ziggurat of Ur
Also called the mountain of god.
It serve as the sacred place of their
chief god, where only their priests
were allowed to enter.

Ziggurat of Ur (reconstruction)
Irrigation and Dikes
The sumerians created
dikes and irrigation canals to
bring water to farmlands and
at the same time control the
flooding of the rivers. This
method was considered as
one of the world’s most
beneficial engineering works.

Sumerian Fields
Sailboats
Sailboats were essential
in transportations and
trading as well as in
fostering culture,
information, and
technology.
Mesopotamian sailboat
Wheel
The first wheels were
not made for transportation
but for farm work and food
processes.

Mesopotamian Wheel
The Plow
The plow was invented to dig
the earth in a faster pace.

Mesopotamian Plow
Roads
To facilitate faster and
easier travel.
Babylonian Civilization
• Babylonian civilization emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates
Rivers.
• The babylonias were great builders, engineers, and architects.
Hanging Gardens of Babylonian
It was said to be a structured made up
of layers of gardens that contained
several species of plants, trees, and vines.

The hanging Gardens of Babylon

Egyptian Civilization
• Located in North Africa
• Aside from engineering technology, the
Egyptians have contributed other practical things
that the world now considers as essential.
Paper or Papyrus
Papyrus was a plant that grew
abundantly along the Nile river in Egypt.
They were able to process the plant in
order to produce thin sheets on which
one could write down things.

Ancient Egyptian Papyrus

Ink
Egyptians invented ink
by combining soot with
different chemicals to
produce inks of different
colors
Hieroglyphics
Egyptian also developed a
system of writing using symbols.
It was the language that tells the
modern world of the history and
culture of the ancient Egyptians.

Egyptian hieroglyphics
Cosmetics
Their function in ancient
Egypt was for both health
and aesthetic reasons.
Egyptians wore Kohl around
the eyes o prevent and even
cure eye deseases.
Egyptian woman putting
Kohl in her eyes
Wig
Wigs were worn for
health and wellness rather
than for aesthetic purposes.
It used to protectthe shaved
heads of the wealthy
Egyptians from the harmful
rays of the sun.
Egyptians wearing wig
Water Clock/Clepsydra
This device utilizes gravity
that affects the flow of water
from one vessel to the other. The
water clock was widely used as a
time keeping device during the
ancient times.

Egyptian water clock

Greek Civilization
• Greece is an archipelago in southeastern part of Europe.
• Known as the birth place of western philosophy .
• The Greek civilization has contributed much to the world
especially in the fields of science and technology.
Alarm Clock
The purpose of this is
to tell an individual when
to stop or when to start.
Plato was believed to have
utilized an alarm clock to
signal the start of his
lecture.

An Illustration of Platos’s Alarm

Clock
Water Mill
They were
commonly used in
agricultural processes
like milling of grains
which was a necessary
form of food
processing during that
time.
Roman Civilization
• The strongest political and social entity in the west.
• A lot of discoveries and inventions still relevant today can be
attributed to the Roman Empire.
Newspaper
The first
newspaper, known as
gazettes, contained
announcements of
the Roman Empire
to the people.

Roman Newspaper
Bound Books or Codex
It became easier for
civilizations to write down
everything that happened in
their time.

Bound Books
Roman Architecture
It was considered a
continuation of Greek
architecture, hence, the
resemblance.

Roman Forum in Italy

Roman Numerals
The Romans devised
their own number system
specifically to address the
need for a standard counting
method that would meet their
increasing communication
and trade concerns.

Clock with Roman

Numerals
Chinese Civilization
• Considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia, if not in the world.
• It was famous among other ancient civilization because of its silk

trade.
Silk
The Chinese were the
ones who developed the
technology to harvest the
silk and process it to
produce paper and
clothing.

Silk waving in China

Tea Production
Tea is a beverage produced
by pouring hot or boiling water
over crushed or shredded dried
tea leaves. This machine was
done using a wheel-based
mechanism with sharp edges
attached to a wooden or
ceramic pot.

Chinese Tea
Great Wall of China
The great wall of chia is said to
be the largest and most expensive
infrastructure that the nation built.
The structure was so massive and
strong that it was said to have
literally divided China from the rest
of the world.

The Great Wall of China in 1907

Gun Powder
It was developed by Chinese
alchemists who aimed to achieve
immorality. Instead of prolonging life,
gunpowder is widely used propel
bullets from guns and cannons which
cause countless deaths.

Earliest known gun powder

formula
Medieval/Middle Ages
Printing Press
Johann Guttenberg was
able to invent the printing
press, a more reliable way of
printing using a cast type. The
printing press was invented to
address the need for
publishing books that would
spread information to many
people at a faster rate.
The Guttenberg Press
Microscope
To develop the proper
medicines for illness,
experts must understand
the sickness through an
investigation.
Telescope
An optical
instrument that helps in
the observation of
remote objects, was a
great help for
navigators during this
time.
Sketch of Galileo’s refractor
War Weapons
For open-area battles, people developed cross bows and long bows so that they
could attack the enemies at long ranges, keeping themselves safe with the protection
of walls and fortresses. Additionally, in close-range hand-to-hand combat, soldiers
should wear something to protect themselves, a need addressed by the creation of
iron body armors.
Modern Times
Pasteurization
Louis Pasteur
invented pasteurization,
the process of heating
dairy products to kill the
harmful bacteria that
allows them to spoil
faster.

Pasteurization process
Petroleum Refinery
The development of
kerosene established the
petroleum refinery industry
(Skrabec 2010). At present,
petroleum is widely used in
powering automobiles,
factories, and power plants,
among others.
Telephone
The more people got
connected by trade and
exploration, the more they needed
a way to easily maintain these
connections and communicate
with each other in real time. Thus
the development of the telephone
by Alexander Graham Bell was
one of the most important
inventions at that time.
Recreation of Alexander Graham Bell’s
invention of the telephone
Calculator
The creation of modern
calculators did not only pave
the way for easier arithmetic
calculation, but also resulted
in the development of more
complex processing machines
like the computer.

Mechanical Calculators
Philippine Inventions
Salamander Amphibious Tricycle
H20 Technologies headed by Dominic
N. Chung and Lamberto Amada, together
with Chief designer Victor “Atoy” Llave, was
able to invent the Salamander, an
amphibious tricycle that can cross not only
flooded streets but also rivers and lakes. It
may also be utilized to travel from island to
island.

Amphibious Salamander
Salt lamp
A young Filipina inventor
named Aisa Mijeno was able to
invent a lighting system that utilizes
a material abundant in the
Philippines salt water. She invented
the Sustainable Alternative Lighting
(SALt) lamp, an environmental-
friendly light source that runs on
salt water. The SALt lamp is safer
as it poses no risk of fire and emits
no toxic gases SALt Lamp
Medical Incubator
Dr. Fe del Mundo, a
Filipino pediatrician and the
first Asian woman admitted
into Harvard Medical School,
devised a medical incubator
made from indigenous and
cheap materials which did not
run on electricity. Its main
purpose was to maintain
conditions suitable for a new
born, usually a pre term baby.
Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal
Trap System
In 2010, the Department of Science
and Technology-Industrial Technology
Development Institute (DOST-ITDI)
was able to introduce the Mosquito
Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System, also
known as OL Trap. This trap system is
made of natural ingredients that are
lethal to mosquitos but safe for human
and environment.
DOST-ITDI OL Trap
EJeepney
This iconic public utility
vehicle was built using the
military jeeps left by the
American after World War
II. The jeepney dominated
Philippine streets and is
considered as the primary
mode of transportation of
most Filipinos.
EJeepney
Activity

Standing on the Shoulders of the Giants

Divide the class into four groups. The three groups will be assigned to each of
the three time periods (ancient, middle, modern), and the last group to the
Philippine inventions. Each member of the group should search for one great
achievement during their assigned time period aside from those discussed in the
chapter. Afterwards, accomplish the following:
1. Draw or print a picture of your chosen achievement. As a group,
collect and paste these inventions on a ¼ illustration board with a
theme appropriate to the assigned time period.

2. Explain in your own words how each invention works. Also identify
their use and purpose. Paste the information at the back of the
illustration board.

3. Present your project in class. Conclude your report by discussing how

these inventions impacted the people and the society during the time
period when they were made.
Thank you for listening
Prepared by:
Caviente, Jennie Roiz L.
Pariño, Rachell P.
Roman, Cassandra M.