CONSTRUCTION

PROJECT LIFECYCLE
PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT PHASE

Group No. 1
Erica Louise Ortega Ena Victoria Yutangco
Rhoby Mae Candaza Jay R D. Daniel Jr.
Jessa Largo Jasper Jopet Flores
Georgette Tan Pamogas Rica Regis
I. Different Parties and their Roles
A RC H IT ECT
ARCHITECT’S SCOPE OF WORK:
Client Briefing
The first meeting or appointment of the Architect and the Client. The Architect respects the Client’s requirements
for the project and receives instructions directly from the client. He explains to the Client the professional service
agreement between an Architect and a Client. He surveys and inspect the sites the Client has given him.
Concept Design
The Architect prepares a sketch scheme for the client. This drawing is given by the Architect to the Client in order for
the Client to see what the Architect understood about the Clients demands or requirements. This design is also for
the Client’s understanding about the basic conceptualization of the proposals the Architect made for the project.
Preliminary Design and Drawing
If the Client ever had changes in the past conceptual designs given by the Architect, the Architect then modifies it
and makes his preliminary designs, drawings, models, etc., incorporating required changes, for the Client’s
approval.
Drawings for Clients/Statutory Approval
The Architect proceeds in preparing drawings for the Client’s and Statutory Authorities’ approval. He takes in
consideration the pertinent laws, codes, and legislation and standards as applicable for the designing and building
of the project.
Working Drawings and Tender Documents
In this stage, the Architect involves some of the Allied Professionals, Consultants, and
Contractors for the project. He then prepares the working drawings, specifications, etc., and he
also informs the Allied Professionals the necessary information for them to work in their respective
fields. He also prepares tender documents to describe the whole project adequately for the
purpose of placing the main Contract.
Appointments of Contractors
The Architect invites and analyses tenders, helps and advises the Client on appointing of
Contractors.
Construction
The Architect prepares the finalized working drawings and details for the proper execution of
works during construction. The Architect has to pay periodic visits to the building site to supervise
the work in progress, issue instructions to the Contractor’s Site Supervisor to discuss any difficulties
that may have come up.
Completion
The Architect prepares and submits completion reports and drawings. He assists the Client in
obtaining Completion or Occupation Certificate from the Statutory Authorities wherever required.
He issues two sets of as-built drawings including services and structures. for the project as required.
 ENGINEER
WHAT IS AN ENGINEER?
He/she is able to assume personal responsibility for the development and application of engineering
science and knowledge, notably in research, design, construction, manufacturing, superintending, managing,
and in the education of the engineer.
Latin root, ingeniere, to design or to devise
Is a Profession
Engineers apply the principles of science and mathematics to develop economical solutions to technical
problems.
DESIGN
Engineers must weight different design choices on their merits and choose the solution that best matches
the requirements and needs. Their crucial and unique task is to identify, understand, and interpret the
constraints on a design in order to produce a successful result.
ANALYSIS
Analytical engineers may supervise production in factories and elsewhere, determine the causes of a
process failure and test output to maintain quality. They also estimate the time and cost required to complete
the projects.
Supervisory engineers are responsible for major components or entire projects.
Engineering analysis involves the application of scientific analytic principle and processes to reveal the
properties and state of the system, device or mechanism under study.
 Branches of Engineering

Surveying and leveling

Building, planning and construction
Advanced construction
Structural engineering
Geotechnical engineering
Water Resources Engineering
Transportation Engineering
Environmental Engineering
Town Planning
Surveying and leveling
Surveying include measurements of distances and angles in horizontal and vertical planes, while
leveling Is the measurement of heights in vertical plane.
Chain, compass, level and theodolite are the instruments used for surveying. Surveying fixes the
relative positions of different points on the basis of surface of earth.
Building, planning and construction
Civil engineers are concerned with many types of structures of which buildings are of prime
importance.
Buildings are planned according to the fundamental principles of planning and by laws of local
municipal bodies.
Advanced construction
Under water construction requires specific type of equipment. Pile foundations or well foundations
are generally provided for foundation of bridges across rivers in alluvial soil.
Large scale earthworks in excavation requires equipment’s like power shovel, dragline, bulldozers,
etc.
Structural engineering
This branch of civil engineer deals with the structural analysis and design of structures.
Sections of structural elements like beams, columns, slabs, etc. are designed.
It includes design reinforced cement concrete (RCC) and steel structures.
Geotechnical engineering
Is the field of civil engineering which deals with soil investigation and design of proper foundations of
structures.
It includes collection and testing of soil samples.
Water resource engineer
Means measurements, utilization and development of water resources for
agriculture, municipal and power generation purpose.
It also includes watershed planning, water harvesting techniques, soil conservation
and soil reclamation. Hydrology is also part of water resource engineering.
Transportation engineering
Means movement of passengers and goods by means of vehicle on land, ship on
water and aircrafts in air.
It a branch of Civil engineering which deals with planning, designing and
construction of roads, bridges, railways, tunnels, harbours, ports, docks, runways
and airports.
Environmental engineering
Deals with pollution control and public health engineering. Different types of
pollutions are water, air, noise and other pollution.
Town planning
Means planned and controlled growth of town by dividing in to different land use
zones and regulating building construction to provide better environment for the
people of the town.
Functions of civil engineers

Civil engineer’s functions performed can be classified in three categories:

Before Construction – in the beginning technical feasibility, environmental

impact assessment and economic viability of the project are studied.

During Construction – owner, engineer and contractor are the 3 constituents of

a construction team in engineering profession, hence continuous liaison among
themselves is a very essential for the speedy progress of the work.

After Construction – regular maintenance of structures is to be carried out.

G EOT EC H N ICA L
S P EC IA L I ST
 L A N D S U R V EY O R

A land surveyor performs the measurements required for building a map of an area.
They may work in the field, in an office, or both, depending on the task they
undertake.

Works include:
Investigation of property records
easements and rights of way,
establishment or re-establishment of property corners and boundaries,
determination of land contours and slopes and location of existing improvements,
natural features and obstructions
INSTRUMENTS USED BY LAND SURVEYORS

Total Station
A surveying equipment combination of
Electromagnetic Distance Measuring Instrument
and electronic theodolite. The instrument can be
used to measure horizontal and vertical angles
as well as sloping distance of object to the
instrument.
Measuring Wheel
Formally called a surveyor's wheel, is a
construction measuring tool. Measure
distances while walking with a
surveyor’s wheel is an effective method
of simple distance quantification.
Fiberglass Measuring Tapes

Offer ease of use, accuracy, and stand up to wear

and tear on the job. Fiberglass Measuring Tapes
also help add safety from ,electrical hazards.
Level Staff
Also called levelling rod, is a graduated
wooden or aluminum rod, used with a
levelling instrument to determine the
difference in height between points or
heights of points above a vertical
datum.
 Laser Distance
Meters
Fast and easy to use, improves
accuracy, reduces
measurement errors.
 COLLECT AND ANALYZE DATA IN ORDER TO
CO ST ESTIMATE THE TIME, MONEY, MATERIALS, AND
E ST I MATO R LABOR REQUIRED TO MANUFACTURE A PRODUCT,
CONSTRUCT A BUILDING, OR PROVIDE A SERVICE.
Duties and responsibilities:

1. Obtain material pricing and organize all the information necessary to

create and submit proposals to clients.
2. Use detailed spreadsheet and company approved formulas to calculate
the projected costs of proposed projects.
3. Review blueprints and product specifications to accurately determine
the quantities of materials needed.
4. Solicit and review subcontract proposals and help with contract
negotiations.
5. Document total materials needed, including detail regarding all codes,
brands, and contact information necessary to process orders.
6. Work with various involved parties, such as designers, architects,
owner’s reps, and general contractors.
The following are examples of types of cost estimators:

Construction cost estimators

Estimate the cost of construction work. They may, for example, estimate the total
cost of building a bridge or commercial shopping center. They may identify direct
costs, such as the cost of raw materials and the cost of labor, and set a timeline
for how long the project will take. Although many work directly for construction
firms, some work for contractors, architects, and engineering firms.

Manufacturing cost estimators

Calculate the costs of developing, producing, or redesigning a company’s goods

or services. For example, a cost estimator working for a home appliance
manufacturer may determine whether a new type of dishwasher will be profitable
to manufacture.
 P RO J ECT MA NAG E R
1. Definition and Role
Project Manager’s role is to plan, program, and monitor the various
activities, and act as an adviser on material costs and construction
methods. His primary responsibility, therefore is the exercise of overall cost
control. It relieves the owner of many of the anxieties that usually beset
him/ her, particularly those concerned with forecasting costs and
completion dates. (George Salvan, 1986)
In connection with the turn key contracts and partnering. The project
manager is responsible for the design and construction management.
(Eva Weincke, Kaj Torben Hansen, Benny Lennart Bay, Anders Christensen
and Lone Lykke Larsen, 2018)
A person or entity who is reliable on a project, from the inception to its
implementation and as well as the management and overlooking of the
structure’s credibility and use to the occupants (upon the project
completion). (Regis, 2019)
Project Management:
When the owners hire an Architect or firm to coordinate the whole range of
comprehensive Architectural Services this constitute Project Management
2. Manner of Providing Services

- Normally, the Architects enters into a contract with the owner to perform
comprehensive architectural services. By the very nature of the services, he
assumes the role of the Project Manager or the Project Development Manager
or overall coordinator.
- He may expand his staff by hiring the experts needed
or form a professional team consisting of:

- if the project manager is hired by the owner, it is the responsibility of the project manager to
hire the construction manager either to be paid by him or by the owner on a salary or
percentage basis of construction cost. In the same manner, the full-time supervisor will
either be with the staff of the Project Manager or hired by the owner.
3. Limitation of Authority
- The project manager shall not involve himself directly with the work of the Contractor
such that it may be construed that he is relieving the Contractor of his responsibility as
provided for in the Civil Code.

- He shall not impose methods, systems or designs that will substantially affect the
construction schedule and impair the design concept of the Architect

- He shall not interfere with the Architect's design if such design generates the necessary
environmental and aesthetic quality of the project.

4. Legal Responsibility
- Based on the Civil Code, the Project Manager has no legal responsibility insofar as
design and construction is concerned. It is still the Architect and Design Engineers who
are responsible for the design, while the Contractor is solely responsible for his
construction. It is for this reason that the Construction Manager and the Project Manager
are not allowed to interfere in the field of design and construction as this may be
construed as relieving the designers and the Contractors of responsibilities as provided by
law.
5. Methods of Compensation
1. Percentage of Project Construction Cost (PPCC)
2. Multiple of Direct Personnel Expense
3. Professional Fee Plus Expenses
4. Lump Sum or Fixed Fee
REFERENCES
1. https://architectureideas.info/2008/08/architect-scope-of-services/
2. https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=BFnACQAAQBAJ&pg=PA170&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
3. https://www.slideshare.net/gauravhtandon1/scope-of-civil-engineering-
71028479?fbclid=IwAR2YnF8TWSeHpZ4pc1VRLcP9W8PCGogUs3R24r-eVP_lE2jguaR3SPDcJkU
4. Lander de J. Alves, … Paulo S.F. Bomfim, in Bio-Geotechnologies for Mine Site Rehabilitation, 2018
5. collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/English/frost-heave
6. dictionary.Cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/embankment
7. National Academy of Science [US] trid.trb.org/view/188960
8. Stefano Utili, Giovanni B. Crosta, in Landslide Hazards, Risks and Disasters, 2015
9. https://info.courthousedirect.com/blog/bid/217136/what-does-a-land-surveyor-do
10. https://www.engineersupply.com/surveying-equipment.aspx
11. https://www.thebalancecareers.com
12. Salvan, George, 1986. Architectural Practice & Construction Management. JMC Press, Inc. Pages 342-347
13. F. Lawrence Benett, 2003. The Management of Construction: A Project Life Cycle Approach. Butterworth-
Heinemann. Page 43.
14. 2016 (amended). Architects Official Gazette.Edited at the office of the President. Vol. 112.
15. Architects Standard of Professional Practice (SPP).