Theoretical

Background
Theoretical Background

 Explains the theory (or theories) on

which the study will be based

 Describes “any” discovered

relationships between the variables
in the study and the theory to be
used
Theoretical Background
 Describes briefly the theories and
justify how it relates to the
variables under investigation

Make research findings meaningful

and generalizable
Theoretical Background
Establish orderly connections
between observations and facts

Understand phenomena

Stimulate research
Theoretical Framework
The structure that can hold or
support a theory of a research study

Allows the reader to

conceptualize the study in a
broader context
 Behaviorism
-Stimuli and response
-John B. Watson, B.F.
Skinner, Ivan Pavlov

Cognitivism Facilitated Constructivism

-mental function can Learning -Learning is an active
be understood through and constructive
clear and organized process
way
-Jean Piaget, John
-Noam Chomsky Dewey, Lev Vygostky
-Jean Piaget
Cognitive Learning Theory
 Concepts should be clear
and organized
 Learning goes beyond
external
 Internal process:
short & long term memory
Cognitive Learning Theory
Learner is proactive

Higher level reasoning and

information processing

Emphasis on memory organization

Behaviorism Learning Theory
 Behavior can be manipulated
based on the rewards and
consequences
 Learner is passive
 Learner learns via external
processes: positive
reinforcement
Behaviorism Learning Theory
Learner is reactive

Type of learning:
-basic definitions and explanation of
concepts
-generalization
-recall
Constructivism Learning Theory

 Learns better by interacting

with the problem or concept
 Builds on personal experience
(internal process)
 Active and social in the
learning process
Constructivism Learning Theory
Learner is proactive

Higher level problem solving and

critical analysis

Emphasis on real world scenarios

The End
Thank you! 
SIMILARITIES:
Cognitivism & Behaviorism
 Both focus on environments
 Cognitivism- involves the learning
environment to be organized
 Behaviorism- actions based on
consequences; directly related
to environment
SIMILARITIES:
Constructivism & Cognitivism
Both focus on meanings
Constructivism- interacting with
knowledge to develop meaning for it
Cognitivism- presenting information
in a clear way so that students can
have a better meaning of it
SIMILARITIES:
Behaviorism & Constructivism
Both involve actions
Behaviorism- modifying their
actions due based on predicted
outcomes
Constructivism- performing actions
so that the outcome is that they
learn effectively
DIFFERENCES:
Behaviorism & Cognitivism
Role students play within each
theory
Behaviorism- students engage in the
material by physically performing
activities
Cognitivism- students receive
information through a clear and
understandable way
DIFFERENCES:
Constructivism & Cognitivism
Manner in which they are
implemented
Constructivism- more on learning a
concept through actions
Cognitivism- more on the
presentation of the concepts
DIFFERENCES:
Cognitivism & Behaviorism
Expected outcomes
Cognitivism- learning does not
directly affect the way the student
behaves afterwards
Behaviorism- learning is directly
related to the behavior of the
student afterward
Sources:
1. https://prezi.com/raepicwrely1/behaviorism-cognitive-theory-
and-constructivism-compare-a/
2. https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/theoreticalframework