Active and Reactive Power Flow

 Let us consider a 2 node 2 bus system where Let us take the receiving-
end voltage as a reference phasor (VR=|VR|∠0°) and let the sending-
end voltage lead it by an angle δ(Vs=|Vs|∠δ) as shown in figure below
 The complex power leaving the receiving-end and entering the
sending-end of the transmission line can be expressed as (on per
phase basis)

 Receiving- and sending-end currents can, however, be expressed in

terms of receiving- and sending-end voltages as:
 Let A, B, D, the transmission line constants, be written as

 Therefore, we can write

 If Eq. (5.58) is expressed in real and imaginary parts, we can write
the real and reactive powers at the receiving-end as

 Similarly, the real and reactive powers at sending-end are

 It is easy to see from Eq. (5.61) that the received power PR will be
maximum at

 Thus the load must draw this much leading MVAR in order to receive
the maximum real power.
 Consider now the special case of a short line with a series
impedance Z. Now
 Substituting these in Eqs. (5.61) to (5.64), we get the simplified
results for the short line as

 for the receiving-end and for the sending-end

 From Eq.(5.66), the maximum receiving-end power is received,
when δ=θ

 Normally the resistance of a transmission line is small compared to its

reactance (since it is necessary to maintain a high efficiency of
transmission), so that θ= tan-1 X/R 90′; where Z = R + jX. The receiving-
end Eqs. (5.66) and (5.67) can then be approximated as
 Equation (5.72) can be further simplified by assuming cos δ≈1, since
δ is normally small*. Thus

 Let |VS|-|VR|=|ΔV|, the magnitude of voltage drop across the

transmission line.
 Several important conclusions that easily follow from Eqs. (5.71) to (5.74)
are enumerated below:
 For R≈0 (which is a valid approximation for a transmission line) the real power
transferred to the receiving-end is proportional to sin δ(≈δ for small values of δ ), while
the reactive power is proportional to the magnitude of the voltage drop across the line.

 The real power received is maximum for δ = 90° and has a value
|Vs||VR|/X. Of course, δ is restricted to values well below 90° from considerations of
stability.

 Maximum real power transferred for a given line (fixed X) can be increased by raising
its voltage level. It is from this consideration that voltage levels are being
progressively pushed up to transmit larger chunks of power over longer distances