EQUIPMENT DETAILS

Schematic Diagram of Hydrofracturring

Water Tanker HF Unit

High Pressure pump
Booster Pump

High Pressure Hose.

Hydraulic Packer
EQUIPMENTS TGB

CONSIST OF

INGERSOL
RAND
Hydrofracturing
unit.

Yield testing unit.

Water tanker.
 Over head
Crane
Prime mover High Pressure Generator Set
Water Injection Pump pully
Hose drum
Wire rope

Hose pipe

Sub. pump
Hydr. handpump

Hydrofracturing Unit
 HYDROFRACTURING UNIT
1. Truck mounted high pressure water
injection triplex pump.
(Capacity-Pressure 170 bar, Discharge 350 LPM)
Make WOMA ( West Germany )
Type 1503 P 55 /Triplex
Drive speed 1800 rpm
Normal flow rate 335 LPM
Max.operating 170 bars.
presure
Piston/Plunger dia 55 mm
Stroke 95 mm
Required 110 KW/150 HP
Prime mover.
 HYDROFRACTURING UNIT

2. Hydraulic operated packers.

3. Hydraulic hand operated pump.

Single
Packer Assembly.

Rubber ht – 100 mm

Rubber dia. should

be 10-15 mm less

No of Rubbers-4

7
Working of Hyd.Packer

8
Working of Hyd.Packer

L1

9
Working of Hyd.Packer

L2

10
 HYDROFRACTURING UNIT

 Low weight self locking riser pipe.

(3 mtr. Length, 32 mm.dia).
 YIELD TESTING UNIT

1. Generator set 13 kva

2. Submersible pump.

3. Flow meter.

4. Pressure gauge.
GENERAL
 GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
• HF Of BW is developed in USA for use in
petroleum industries. 1940
• This technique is modified for use in water
well in 1960.
• Equipment - Light weight, low cost and mobile
equipments developed.
• Initially use started in USA, Canada, Sweden.
• Then in Africa. Nigeria, Zimbabwe and s Africa
• Success ratio was 65-70 %
 HF IN INDIA
• HF was first used in 1986 in India, in MP. For water
development project in Betul and Chindwara by
ELC.
• UNICEF took note of this experiment
• In 1989 UNICEF imported ten HF units in India.
• Then it is increased up to 40 in 10 states
• In Maharshtra
1. 1989 – 2 Nos- TGB
2. 1993 – 4 Nos – Atlas Copco
3. 1996 – 8 Nos – Ingersoll Rands
 ROLE OF GOVT AND UNICEF
• Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission
(GoI) has lead role in introducing HF in India in
association with UNICEF.
• UNICEF extended procurement services.
• In 1995 indegenous production of HF units
startd by IR and Atlas Copco.
 MONITORING OF HF BY RGNDWM
AND UNICEF
• Initially Unicef was developed computerised
hydrofracturing monitoring system (HMS)
• Monitoring was done by RGNDWM and UNICEF
• Generally HF is used to increase the yield of BW to
meet the requirement of a deepwell handpump. i.e.
600 lph
• Success of hydrofracturing depends on the purpose
for which the agency is using HFU
• In Rajasthan they accept well yield of 450 lph
• IN some states HF also used to boost the yield of BW
further so that power pump can be installed
 OBSERVATIONS OF RGNDWM AND
UNICEF
• Success ratio is 65 to 70 %
• In @ 1 % cases the yield of the borewells found
decreased after HF.
• IN case of dry bores the chances of success is less
as borewells didn’t pass through any water
bearing fractures during drilling.
• dry borewell with water yielding fracture blocked
with drill cuttings can rejuvenated by HF
PROCESS
 CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF
BOREWELL
• Borewells where the yield has fallen below the
requirement of the user.
• Borewell having inadequate yield immediately
after drilling.
• In some states each borewell proposed for HF
is checked by geologist for suitability and also
to identify the fracture zones.
• HF for dilution of quality affected borewells.
 STEPS OF HF PROCEDURES
• Select low yielding borewells . @ 200 to 300
lph ideal.
• Ascertain fracture zones. Ref. litholog of BW
• If reqd electrical logging.
• Use available data to decide single packer,
double packer, no. of zones to be
hydrofractured.
• Use dummy packer – 5’’ Dia 1 mtr length.
• Conduct pre fracturing yield test.
Lowering of
Dummy Tool
5” dia pipe,
1 mtr length
 H F PROCEDURES
• Conduct pre fracturing yield test.
YIELD TEST
 H F PROCEDURES

• Clean the Bw and Fill the BW with potable

water if reqd to avoid the air gap below the
packer setting.
• Lower the packer in to the BW for first setting
below the casing pipe and always minimum
15-18 mtr below the GL.
Lowering
of
Packer
 H F PROCEDURES
• Inflate the packer hydraulically by using
Hydraulic handpump. Hydr. pressure of the
hand pump should be 300 to 400 bar.
• Confirm the packer sealing. Loosen the rope.
• Start the pumps and inject water in to the
isolated portion of BW, below the single
packer.
• Continue pumping water, pressure starts
building till it opens existing/ new fractures.
 HF Unit
Water tanker.

Hydraulic Hydraulic
packer hand pump.
cylinder

Inflated Packer
rubber seals

Pressure gauge
OBSERVATIONS
 RECORDING THE PRESSURES
• Continue pumping water, pressure starts building till
it creates new fractures /opens existing fractures .
• Water pressure suddenly drops when it creates new
fractures /opens existing fractures.
• Note the highest pressure reading ‘Pc’ breakdown
pressure/ ‘Pr’ reopening pressure.
• After dropping the pressure it reaches to steady
state. Note this pressure ‘ Pf ’ fracturing pressure.
• Continue pumping water to clean and extend the
fractures. Note the time of pumping i.e. propagation
time. ‘ t1’ for first setting and ‘t2’ for second setting.
 OPERATION BOARD

Pressure gauge

valve
Fluid pressure suddenly rises till the
breakdown pressure reached = pc

Then the fluid pressure suddenly

P drops= pf this is due to fracturing
Pc of rock.
r
e
When the the pumping is
s stopped then the pf drops
s pf
to psi i.e. shut in pressure.
u psi
r
e

Time
 BREAKDOWN PRESSURE Pc
• For Granite - 150 kg/ sq. cm

• For Basalt - 70 to 110 kg/ sq. cm

 SHUT IN PRESSURE
• After the pumping is over close the valves of ‘TEE’
and note the back pressure of water injected in to
the borewell. ‘Psi’ shut in pressure.
• Psi is equal to the least compressive stress at the
fracturing depth.
• Open the outlet valve of TEE and let the excess water
to flow out.
• Then release the packer and let it to move down
automatically as the wire rope is loose.
VALVE ‘T’ ASSEMBLY
 Tee Pressure Gauge. Psi

Drain valve

Then release outlet valve of tee

to drain water under pressure in the B/w.

When pressure of drainage water falls down

release packers and set it to
next section and repeat the process.

36
 SECOND SETTING OF HF
• Release the packer when the back water
pressure is nil.
• Lower the packer for next setting if necessary.
• Note down the packer fixing depths, pressure
as mentioned above for every setting,
• Note down propagation time and quantity of
water injected at every setting.
 POST FRACTURING YIELD TEST

• Conduct post fracturing yield test .

• Record pre and post fracturing swl .

• Compute the improvement ratio of Yields.

YIELD TEST
YIELD TEST PROCEDURE

• Connect the cable to sub.

Pump.
• Connect fract. Pipes to
pump
• Lower pump in to the well
by crane or winch to desired
depth
• Connect T at top
• Connect discharge to orifice
meter
• Start generator, start pump
• Measure the flow
ORIFICE METRE
 ORIFICE METER

• ORIFICE 1- 18.625 mm
• ORIFICE 2- 24 mm
• ORIFICE 3- 28.25 mm
• ORIFICE 4- 31.625 mm
 CHART OF ORIFICE METER
SCALE ORIFICE – flow in LPH
READING NO. 1 NO. 2 NO. 3 NO. 4
(mm)
45 550 940 1340 1750
60 640 1080 1550 2020
75 710 1210 1730 2250
100 830 1400 200 2600
150 1010 1710 2450 3190
400 1650 2790 3990 5200
450 1750 2960 4240 5520
 AREA OF INTEREST
• If required post fracturing geophysical survey should
be carried out and the results obtained from pre and
post fracturing survey should be co-related.
• Keep observing the sustainability of after HF results,
over the years, for study and conclusions.
• Technical observations are necessary for ascertaining
the failure of hydro-fracturing.
• In over exploited areas it is likely to happen the
reduction of yield after HF.
PART - 2
 PRESSURE unit
• Bar is an unit of pressure used in European
countries
• Non SI unit.
• 1 Bar pressure = 1.0197 kg/ cm2
• =0.9869 atm
• = 75 cm of Hg
• =10.197 mm of water
• = 100,000 pascal
PRECAUTIONS FOR HYDROFRACTURING
• Proper training to operators
• Effective supervision of operations
• Safe operating practices
• Use high quality spares
• Proper maintenance and repairs
• Log the wells for better results
• Use the equipments as per manuals
• Use potable water for HF
 MANAGEMENT
• Each HFU should have a crew of 3-4 persons
and supervised by a Jr Engineer
• A systematic bore-well hydro-fracturing took
one day time.
• Minimum 12 HF works per month are
expected from the unit
• Jr. Engr. should study the site situations and
make the planning of work and target
 DO’S AND DON’TS
• Do not fracture completely dry bore-wells
• Do not start work without knowing the casing
depth, bore-well dia. , depth of fractures/
water struck zones, swl.
• Do not fracture in unconsolidated formations
• Do not set the packer in the casing pipe
• Do not set the packer less than 15 mtr below
the ground.
 DO’S AND DON’TS
• Do not set the packer above water level. If necessary
the bore must be filled with water
• Do not start work without at least 7000 liter of water
is available for HF.
• Use potable water for HF to avoid contamination
• Single packer setting should be from top to bottom.
• Build the pressure slowly by gradually opening the
valve
• Use non toxic oil in the packer
 WELL LOGGING
• Geologist carry out logging operation like
Short Normal, Long Normal and lateral
resistivity to identify the weaker zones.
• Well logging is necessary to know the depth of
fractured zones in the BW.
• some states use litholog of the BW
• In many places hydro-fracturing is done
without knowing the operators, about logging
and depth of fractures.
 COST ANALYSIS
• Initially it was calculated @Rs. 13000 per HF in
Maharashtra
• It was different in different states.
• It depends on the target per year.
• It is revised as Rs.6000 per HF for Govt work
only based on working cost.
 REPORTINGS
• Monitoring report should be prepared by Jr
Engrs. Every month.
• Progress report should be 1- target wise and
2- bore-well wise technical report for record
and further conclusions.
• Formats are prepared.
 MAINTENANCE
• Periodical maintenance of vehicles as per manual.
• Periodical checking of packer, packer rubbers
• Periodical greasing of all points
• Check the pipe leakages
• Check the all engine oil levels. Top up if necessary.
• Check the oil level in gear box of high pressure pump
• Check the oil in hydraulic hand- pump./ winches.
• Check the O rings of steel riser pipes.
 MAINTENANCE
Sr Oil change Hours Oil Type
No. use
1 Hydr. oil change 1000 ENCLO HLP 68(HP)
2 Hydr oil filter change 500
3 Engine oil change 250 15W40APICF4
4 High pressure water 150 SERVOSYSTEM
pump oil change 320(10C)
5 Winch oil change 500 GEAR OIL EP90
6 Crane gear box oil 1000 GEAR OIL EP90
change
 STRAINER
• Periodical cleaning of strainer in suction water
line
GENERATOR WOMA PUMP STRAINER ASSEMBLY

strainer
 ELECTRICAL MENTAINANCE
• Tighten all loose electrical wire contacts time
to time.
• Clean the submersible pump after yield test is
over, if there is mud in the water
• do proper current setting on the relay
• Use proper fuse wire if any
• Check the joints of cable, wire cuts.
• Do proper earthing before starting the
generator.
 TROUBLE SHOOTING
• Pump is not building pressure
 causes
• Water supply tank is empty
• Suction valve is close
• Suction strainer is blocked
• Suction hose is buckled
• Suction line is leaking
• Bypass valve is open
• Pressure regulator valve is worn
• Plungers damaged
TROUBLE SHOOTING
• Pump vibrates
 causes
• Water supply to high pressure pump is not
sufficient
• Suction strainer is blocked
• Suction hose is buckled
• Suction line is leaking and taking in air
TROUBLE SHOOTING
• Pump is making noise
 causes
• Water supply tank is empty
• Suction valve is close
• Suction strainer is blocked
• Suction hose is buckled
• Suction line is leaking
• Crankshaft bearing defective
• Plunger is damaged
• No enough oil in gear box
• Conn rod bearing worn
 TROUBLE SHOOTING
• Pressure gauge shows abnormal fluctuations
 causes
• Suction line is leaking
• No continuous discharge
• Use pressure gauges with damping liquid
 TROUBLE SHOOTING
• Water leaks behind the plunger
 causes
• Plunger or plunger rings warn out
 TROUBLE SHOOTING
• Packer gets strucked in the bore-well
 causes
• Drilling cuttings on the packer
• Casing fitting is not proper
• Packer setting in soft formation
• Bore collapsed
• Packer rubber size more
Methods of removing strucked packer
• Discussions on individual Experiences
 SUCCESS STORIES
• DISCUSSIONS
QUESTIONS

?
• Success stories Discussions
• Test Questions
THANKS