SWITCH

• called as (switching hub,bridging hub,

officially MAC bridge) is a computer networking
device that connects devices on a computer
network by using packet switching to receive,
process, and forward data to the destination
device.
• A network switch is a multiport network bridge that
uses hardware addresses to process and forward data at
the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Some switches
can also process data at the network layer (layer 3) by
additionally incorporating routing functionality.
 BRIDGE
• A network bridge device is primarily used in local area
networks because they can potentially flood and clog a large
network thanks to their ability to broadcast data to all the
nodes if they don’t know the destination node's MAC
address.
• A bridge uses a database to ascertain where to pass,
transmit or discard the data frame.
• Bridge device work at the data link layer of the Open System
Interconnect (OSI) model, connecting two different networks
together and providing communication between them.
Bridges maintain the media access control (MAC) address
table as soon as they discover new segments, so
subsequent transmissions are sent to only to the desired
recipient.
 MODEM

• A modem is a device or program that enables

a computer to transmit data over . Computer
information is stored digitally, whereas information
transmitted over telephone lines is transmitted in
the form of analog waves. A modem
converts between these two forms.
• A modem is a hardware networking device that converts data
to a signal so it can be easily sent and received over a phone
line, cable, or satellite connection. In the case of transmission
over an analog telephone line, the modem converts data
between analog and digital formats in real time for two-
way network communication. In the case of the high-speed
digital modems, the signal is much simpler and doesn't
require the analog-to-digital conversion.
 NETWORK INTERFACE
CONTROLLER
• A network interface controller (NIC, also known as
a network interface card, network adapter, LAN
adapter or physical network interface, and by
similar terms) is a computer
hardware component that connects a computer
to a computer network.
• The network controller implements the electronic circuitry
required to communicate using a specific physical
layer and data link layer standard .This provides a base for a
full network protocol stack, allowing communication among
computers on the same local area network (LAN) and large-
scale network communications through routable protocols,
such as Internet Protocol (IP).
 HUB

• called a network hub, is a common connection

point for devices in a network. Hubs are devices
commonly used to connect segments of a LAN.
The hub contains multiple ports. When
a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to the
other ports so that all segments of the LAN can
see all packets.
 WHAT HUB DO?

• Hubs and switches serve as a central connection

for all of your network equipment and handles a
data type known as frames. Frames carry your
data. When a frame is received, it is amplified and
then transmitted on to the port of the destination
PC.
 FIRE WALL

• a firewall is software or firmware that enforces a

set of rules about what data packets will be
allowed to enter or leave a network. Firewalls are
to filter traffic and lower the risk that malicious
packets traveling over the public internet can
impact the security of a private network.
• The term firewall is a metaphor that compares a type of
physical barrier that's put in place to limit the damage a fire
can cause, with a virtual barrier that's put in place to limit
damage from an external or internal cyber attack. When
located at the perimeter of a network, firewalls provide low-
level network protection, as well as important logging and
auditing functions.
 ROUTER

• A router is a device that forwards

data packets along networks. A router is
connected to at least two networks, commonly
two LANs or WANs or a LAN and
its ISP's network.
• The most familiar type of routers are home and small office
routers that simply forward IP packets between the home
computers and the Internet. More sophisticated routers,
such as enterprise routers, connect large business that
forward data at high speed along the optical fiber lines of
the Internet backbone.
 Law

Information technology law concerns the law of information

technology, including computing and the internet. It is
related to legal informatics, and governs
the digital dissemination of both (digitalized) information
and software, information security and electronic
commerce. aspects and it has been described as "paper
laws" for a "paperless environment". It raises specific
issues of intellectual property in computing and
online, contract law, privacy, freedom of expression,
and jurisdiction.