What is mathematics?

Manipulating Numbers to
solve problems
Other subjects need math
Language, tool for a set of
standards
More then a subject,
prerequisite for everything
 What’s the point in
teaching it?
To gives students problem solving
tools
Continue advancement of
technology
So people can understand it
To communicate
To function in society, applicable to
real life
Learning to think in a different way
Leopold Kronecker
- was a German Mathematician who worked
on number theory, algebra and logic…
once said:

"The natural numbers come from God,

everything else is man's work."

Do you agree with this statement?

 Fibonacci
Month 0
numbers
1 pair

Month 1
1 pair

Month 2
2 pairs

Month 3
3 pairs
Fibonacci numbers in art and nature
 Fibonacci numbers in
nature
• An example of efficiency in nature.

• As each row of seeds in a sunflower or

pine cone, or petals on a flower grows, it
tries to put the maximum number in the
smallest space.

• Fibonacci numbers are the whole numbers

which express the golden ratio, which
corresponds to the angle which maximises
number of items in the smallest space.
 Why are they called Fibonnaci
numbers?
• a series of numbers in which each number
( Fibonacci number ) is the sum of the two
preceding numbers.

The simplest is the series 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,

etc.

• Fibonacci numbers -are named after

Italian mathematician Leonardo of Pisa,
later known as Fibonnaci.
 About Fibonacci The Man

• His real name was Leonardo Pisano

Bogollo, and he lived between 1170
and 1250 in Italy.

• "Fibonacci" was his nickname, which

roughly means "Son of Bonacci".
1 1 2 3

Complete the table of

Fibonacci numbers
1 1 2 3 5

8 13 21
1 1 2 3 5

8 13 21 34 55

89 144
 1 1 2 3 5

8 13 21 34 55

89 144 233 377 610

987
 1 1 2 3 5

8 13 21 34 55

89 144 233 377 610

987 1597 2584 4181 6765

 In 18th century mathematics is
already a modern science
 Mathematics begins to develop very
fast because of introducing it to
schools
 Therefore everyone have a chance to

learn the basic learnings of

mathematics
 Thanks to that, large number of new
mathematicians appear on stage
 There are many new ideas, solutions

to old mathematical
problems,researches which lead to
creating new fields of mathematics.
 Old fields of mathematics are also
expanding.
 FAMOUS
MATHEMATICIANS
LEONHARD EULER
 Leonhard Paul Euler
(1707-1783)
 He was a Swiss mathematician
 Johann Bernoulli made the biggest
influence on Leonhard
 1727 he went to St Petersburg where he
worked in the mathematics department
and became in 1731 the head of this
department
 1741 went in Berlin and worked in Berlin
Academy for 25 years and after that he
returned in St Ptersburg where he spent
the rest of his life.
 He wrote 45 books an over 700
theses.
 His main book is Introduction in
Analisyis of the Infinite.
 Analysis
 He discovered ways to express
various logarithmic functions using
power series, and he successfully
defined logarithms for negative and
complex numbers
 He also defined the exponential
function for complex numbers, and
discovered its relation to the
trigonometric functions
 Number theory
 He contributed significantly to the
theory of perfect numbers, which
had fascinated mathematicians since
Euclid.
 His prime number theorem and the

law of quadratic reciprocity are

regarded as fundamental theorems
of number theory.
 Geometry
 Euler (1765) showed that in any
triangle, the orthocenter,
circumcenter, centroid, and nine-
point center are collinear.
 Because of that the line which
connects the points above is
called Euler line.
GABRIEL CRAMER
 GABRIEL CRAMER
(1704-1752)
 Swiss mathematician
 He give the solution of St. Peterburg
paradox
 He worked on analysis and
determinants
 He is the most famous by his rule
(Cramer’s rule) which gives a
solution of a system of linear
equations using determinants.
THOMAS SIMPSON
 THOMAS SIMPSON
(1710-1761)
 He received little formal education and
taught himself mathematics while he was
working like a weaver.
 Soon he became one of the most
distinguished members of the English
school
 Simpson is best remembered for his work
on interpolation and numerical methods of
integration.
 He wrote books Algebra, Geometry,
Trigonometry, Fluxions, Laws of Chance,
and others
JEAN LE ROND D’ALAMBERT
JEAN LE ROND D’ALAMBERT
(1717-1783)
 He dealt with problems of dynamics
and fluids and especially with
problem of vibrating string which
leads to solving partial diferential
equations
 During his second part of life, he was

mainly occupied with the great

French encyclopedia
For this he wrote the introduction,
and numerous philosophical and
mathematical articles; the best are
those on geometry and on
probabilities.
JOSEPH LOUIS LANGRANGE
 JOSEPH LOUIS LANGRANGE
(1736-1813)

 He didn’t show any intersts for

mathematics untill his 17.
 From his 17, he alone threw himself
into mathematical studies
 Already at 19, he wrote a letter to
Euler in which he solved the
isoperimetrical problem which for
more than half a century had been a
subject of discussion.
 Lagrange established a society known
as Turing Academy, and published
Miscellanea Taurinesia, his work in
which he corrects mistakes made by
some of great mathematicians
 He was studing problems of analytical
geometry, algebra, theory of numbers,
differential eqations, mechanics,
astronomy, and many other...
 Napoleon named Lagrange to the

Legion of Honour and made him the

Count of the Empire in 1808.
 On 3 April 1813 he was awarded the
Grand Croix of the Ordre Impérial de la
Réunion. He died a week later.
PIERRE SIMON LAPLACE
 PIERRE-SIMON LAPLACE
(1749-1827)
 French mathematician and astronomer
 His most known works are Traite de
mecanique celeste and Theory analytique
des probabiliteis
 His name is also connected with the
“Laplace transform” and with the “Laplace
ex pansion” of a determint
 He is one of the first scientists to postulate
the existence of black holes.
 He is one of only seventy-two people to
have their name engraved on Eiffel Tower.
 It is also interesting to say the
difference between Laplace and
Lagrange
 For Laplace, mathematics was merely

a kit of tools used to explain nature

 To Lagrange, mathematics was a
sublime art
 He is remembered
as one of the
greatest scientists
of all time,
sometimes referred
to as a French
Newton or Newton
of France
 He became a count
of the First French
Empire in 1806
and was named a
marquis in 1817
GASPARD MONGE
 GASPARD MONGE
(1746-1818)

 French mathematician also known as

Comte de Péluse
 Monge is considered the father of
differential geometry because of his
work Application de l'analyse à la
géométrie where he introduced the
concept of lines of curvature of a
surface in 3-space.
 His method, which was one of
cleverly representing 3-dimensional
objects by appropriate projections 2-
dimensional plane, was adopted by
the military and classified as top
secret
ADRIEN – MARIE LEGENDRE
 ADRIEN – MARIE LEGENDRE
(1752-1833)
 He made important contributions to
statistics, number theory, abstract
algebra and mathematical analysis.
 Legendre is known in the history of
elementary methematics principially
for his very popular Elements de
geometrie
 He gave a simple proof that π(pi) is

irrational as well as the first proof

that π2(pi squared) is irrational.
JEAN BAPTISTE JOSEPH
FOURIER
JEAN BAPTISTE JOSEPH FOURIER
(1768-1830)

 French mathematician, physicist

and historian
 He studied the mathematical
theory of heat conduction.
 Fourier established the
partial differential
equation governing heat
diffusion and solved it by
using infinite series of
trigonometric functions
JOHANN CARL FRIEDRICH GAUSS
JOHANN CARL FRIEDRICH GAUSS
(1777 – 1855)
 He worked in a wide variety of fields
in both mathematics and physics
incuding number theory, analysis,
differential geometry, geodesy,
magnetism, astronomy and optics.
 “Mathematics is the queen of the
sciences and number theory is the
queen of mathematics.”
AUGUSTIN LOUIS CAUCHY
 AUGUSTIN LOUIS CAUCHY
(1789-1857)
 Cauchy started the project of
formulating and proving the teorems
of calculus in a rigorous manner and
was thus an early pioneer of analysis
 He also gave several important

theorems in complex analysis and

initiated the study of permutation
groups
 He also researched in convergence
and divergence of infinite series,
differential equations, determinants,
probability and mathematical
physics.
 He was first to prove Taylor’s
theorem, he brought a whole new
set of teorems and definitions, he
dealed with mechanics, optics,
elasticity and many other problems
 His last words were:
“Men pass away, but their
deeds abide.”
Albert Einstein
 March 14, 1879

• Albert Einstein was

born in Ulm,
Germany
 1884
• Einstein saw a
wonder when he
was four or five
years old: a
magnetic compass.

• The compass
convinced him that
there had to be
"something behind
things, something
deeply hidden."
 Albert as a Student
• Einstein knew, from then
on, that he wanted to
teach math and Science at
a University someday.

• The problem was, he

wasn’t a very good test-
taker and could not get a
job at a University
because of it.

• Rumor has it that he had

even failed a Math test,
but some people question
that because of the way
grades were assigned
back then.
 1905
• Albert Einstein
develops his
Special Theory of
Relativity.

• He did this while

working as a Patent
Clerk in Germany.

• He wasn’t really
even a scientist at
the time.
 Einstein’s Special Theory of
Relativity
• Relative to who
is watching,
space and time
are transformed
near the speed
of light:

distances appear
to stretch; and
clocks tick more
slowly.
• clock
 Einstein’s Special Theory of
Relativity
• Einstein’s theory
meant that
Newton’s Laws
needed to be
modified.
• gravity
• Space and time
are not absolute
- and the
universe we live
in is not actually
the one Newton
"discovered.“
• spacetime
Einstein Continued his Genius
in 1905
• And then, in
June, Einstein
completes special
relativity - which
adds a twist to
the story: special
relativity sees
light as particles
and a continuous
field of waves.
Einstein Continued his Genius
in 1905
• And of course, Einstein
isn't finished. Later in
1905 comes the most
famous relationship in
physics: e=mc2.

• The energy content of a

body is equal to the mass
of the body times the
speed of light squared.

e  mc
• At first, even Einstein
does not understand the
2
full implications of his
formula.
 1907
• In 1907, Einstein
begins to apply the
laws of gravity to
his Special Theory
of Relativity.

• In 1911, he finally
gets a job as a
Professor of Physics
at the German
University.
 1921
• Albert Einstein is awarded the Nobel
Prize :

"for his services to Theoretical Physics,

and especially for his discovery of the
law of the photoelectric effect"
 1928

• Einstein begins
pursuing his idea
of a unifying
theory that ties
everything in the
universe
together.
 1939
• World War II begins.

• Einstein writes a now

famous letter to
President Franklin D.
Roosevelt urging
nuclear research and
warning him of
Germany’s building of
an atomic bomb.
 Einstein’s Contribution
• Between 1905 to 1925, Einstein
changed the world’s
understanding of nature on every
scale, from the smallest organism
to the whole universe.

• Now, a century after he began to

make his mark, we are still
exploring Einstein's universe.

• The problems he could not solve

remain the ones that define the
cutting edge, the most tantalizing
and compelling.
 Einstein’s Contribution
• Einstein continued to his
dying days, trying to figure
out a single central theory
that explained everything in
the universe.

• An extension of his work

has become known as
String Theory, which says
that everything in the
universe is made up of tiny
strings of energy.
 April 18, 1955

• Albert
Einstein dies
of Heart
Failure.

• This is a
picture of his
last
blackboard.
 Famous Einstein Quotes
• "Anyone who has never made
a mistake has never tried
anything new."

• "If A equals success, then the

formula is: A=X+Y+Z. X is
work.
• Y is play. Z is keep your mouth
shut."
Thank You Mr. Einstein!