Sơ Đồ Bơm ,Van Và Các Ký Hiệu

Hands-on Training
Basic Hydraulic
Fundamentals of Hydraulic
Fundamentals of Hydraulic Basic Hydraulic Page 1/16

Contents
Topic Page
1. Pressure 3 - 11
2. Flow and Pressure 12
3. Merit & Demerit 13
4. Oil 14 - 16

1. Pressure
1) Pressure in our ordinary life
1. Atmospheric Pressure 2. Seawater Pressure
3. Tap Water Pressure

1. Pressure
2) Pressure in Confined and Static Fluid
Pressure
Static fluid
Right angle
Equal strength
Transmittance
of strength

1. Pressure
3) Unit of Pressure
Force (Newton) Force

Pressure =
Area
Area (m2)
Pressure
Universal Gravity Gravity force

Newton and Pascal On the earth
Force (F) = 1 kg x 1 m/sec2 = 1 Newton (N) Force (F) = 1 kg x 9.81 m/sec2 = 1 kgf
1N 1 kgf = 9.81 N
Pressure = = 1 Pascal (Pa)
1 m2 1 kgf
Pressure = = 1 kgf / cm2
1 cm2
1,000 Pa = 1 kPa
1 kgf / cm2 = 9.81N 100 x 100/ m2 = 98,100 Pa
1,000,000 Pa = 1MPa
1 kgf / cm2 = 98.1 kPa = 0.0981 MPa

1. Pressure
4) Force Amplification
Pushing force 10kg Obtainable force 100kg
Area 1 cm2 Area 10 cm2
Pressure
10kg/cm2
Pressure
10kg/cm2
Cylinder A Cylinder B

1. Pressure
5) Distance Reduction
Pushing force 10kg Obtainable force 100kg
Area 1 cm2 Area 10 cm2
Large
Pressure Small
10kg/cm2
Pressure
10kg/cm2
Cylinder A Cylinder B

1. Pressure
6) No Pressure without Resistance
Pressure = Zero

1. Pressure
7) Pressure with Resistance
Weight
Pressure is created

1. Pressure
8) Difference Pressure with Throttle
Weight
Throttle
or Variable Orifice

1. Pressure
9) Gauge pressure
Absolute Pressure
Vacuum
Atmospheric
pressure
76cm
Gauge Pressure
Mercury
Gauge Pressure
Absolute Pressure
Atmospheric
Zero
pressure
Negative
Gauge Pressure
Vacuum Zero

2. Flow and Pressure
Large area Low speed High pressure

Same Flow Rate
Small area High speed Low pressure
V
Weight
Pressure
Q = Flow rate : liter / min

Speed Area
V (m/sec) = C x Q / S

3. Merit and Demerit of Hydraulic
Merit Demerit
1. Design is simpler 1. Expensive
2. Flexibility 2. Sensitive to dirt
3. Quiet 3. Need oil change
4. Stepless control 4. Oil leak possibility
5. High efficiency
6. Easy system protection

4. Hydraulic Oil
1) Function of Hydraulic Oil
Function
1. To transmit power
2. To lubricate
3. To cool
4. To clean
5. To seal

4. Hydraulic Oil
2) Komatsu Recommended Oil

4. Hydraulic Oil
3) Viscosity
1. Viscosity = Stickiness of oil
2. Viscosity change
Low temperature High viscosity
High temperature Low viscosity
• Much leakage
• Low performance
• Low pressure
3. Viscosity grade comparison
SAE Viscosity ISO Viscosity KOMATSU
15w = VG46 = HO46-HM

Hands-on Training
Basic Hydraulic
Hydraulic System

Contents
Topic Page
1. Basic Hydraulic Circuit 3
2. Hydraulic Power 4-5

1. Basic Hydraulic System
Hydraulic
Energy Control
Mechanical Valve
Energy
Hydraulic
Engine Actuator
Pump
Hydraulic
Tank
Job

2. Hydraulic Power
One (1) Engine power = One (1) E (PS) = 75 kgf.m/sec
Hydraulic power = PQ/C = L (PS) PC (Power Constant) control
Q (ltr/min)
Case 1 Power Constant line
P = MPa
Q = ltr/min
L = PQ / 44.1 (PS) Areas are the same
Case 2
P = kgf/cm2
Q = ltr/min
L = PQ / 450 (PS)
P (MPa)

3. Hydraulic Power Formula
Hydraulic power = PQ/Coefficient = L (PS)
Pressure P is represented by kgf/cm2

Flow rate Q is represented by ltr/min = 1000 cm3/60sec
PQ
L=
75 kgf.m/secc
1000 PQ kgf cm3 sec

=
75 x 60 kgf m cm2 sec
PQ cm PQ m PQ
= = = (PS)
4.5 m 100 x 4.5 m 450

Hands-on Training
Basic Hydraulic
Hydraulic Components
Pump

Contents
Topic Page
1. Kind of hydraulic pump 3
2. Gear pump 4–7
3. Trochoid pump 8
3. Piston pump 9 - 11

1. Kind of Hydraulic Pump
External teeth
Gear pump
Internal teeth
Hydraulic
Vane pump
pump
Swash plate
type
Axial
Piston pump piston
Bent axis
type
Radial piston

2. Gear pump
1) structure
1
10
2
9 4 5
3
7
8
Gear pump model code

SA(L/R) (3) 46
Theoretical discharge
46 cc/ revolution
Series number
Rotation seeing from drive shaft
Pump type name is SA
2. Gear pump
2) Types of gear pump
Type BA(L/R) SA(L/R) SD(L/R)

Rated Pressure 30 (kgf/cm2) 210 (kgf/cm2) 210 (kgf/cm2)
Gear case Cast iron Die casting Aluminum Cast iron
Feature No side plate 1. With side plate 1.Side balance seal on
Low pressure 2. Side balance seal on bracket
side plate 2. Large, long bushing
3. More number of tooth
Shape

2. Gear pump
3) Operation 1/2 Flow
Drive gear Sucked oil in between Oil flows left

turns right case and teeth to right
Driven gear
turns left

2. Gear pump
3) Operation 2/2 Oil trapping
Beginning of trap
Constricted cavity
to minimum
End of trap

3. Trochoid pump
Outer rotor Inner rotor
Suction Discharge
Suction port Discharge port

4. Piston pump
1) Piston pump structure
Variable Displacement Piston Pump
4 5
1 2 3
7
8
11 12 13 14 15 10

4. Piston pump
2) Piston pump operation
Variable Displacement Piston Pump
Minimum Discharge, a little % of set volume
Maximum Discharge, 100% of set volume

4. Piston pump
3) Piston pump control
Servo piston
Signal pressure
Rocker cam

Hands-on Training
Basic Hydraulic
Valve

Contents
Topic Page
1. Kind of control valve 3
2. Directional control valve 4 - 9
3. Pressure control valve 10 - 23
4. Flow control valve 24 - 25

1. Kind of control valve
Directional control
valve
Control Pressure control

valve valve
Flow control
valve

2. Directional control valve
1) Kind of directional control valve
Open center valve Closed center valve Closed center
Open center

2) Open center control valve structure
1 2 3 4 5
8 9

3) Open center control valve operation
Neutral
Spool moves to left

Oil goes to bottom
Spool moves to right

Oil goes to head

4) Closed center control valve structure 1/2
1 2
3
From pump
Drain to tank
7
4) Closed center control valve structure 2/2
To Actuator “A” port To Actuator “B” port 3
1
Return to Tank
5 4
From pump
4) Closed center control valve operation
Boom Lowering Operation
PT
PP

3. Pressure control valve
1) Kind of pressure control valve
Relief valve
Unload valve
Pressure
control valve
Suction valve
Reducing valve

2) Kind of relief valve
Ball type
Direct
Poppet type
acting type
Spool type
Relief
valve Piston type
Differential
pressure type
Single stage
Pilot type
Two stage
3) Relief valve structure
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9

4) Relief valve operation
d1

5) Unload valve structure
1 2 3

6) Unload valve operation
LS circuit
b
Neutral
Pump circuit
c
a
Tank circuit
LS circuit
Working
Pump circuit
Tank circuit
7) Suction valve structure
1 2 3 4

8) Suction valve operation
Tank circuit Actuator circuit
Normal
Tank circuit Actuator circuit
Suction

9) Reducing valve structure
Self Pressure
Reducing valve
1 2 3 4 5 6

10) Reducing valve operation 1/3
Self Pressure
Reducing valve
When neutral and load

pressure P2 is low

Self Pressure
Reducing valve
When load pressure P2

is high

Self Pressure
Reducing valve
When abnormally high

pressure is generated

11) PPC valve structure
Pilot-pressure Proportional Control
6
7
4 8
9
1 10

12) PPC valve operation
f1
f2

4. Flow control valve
1) Counter-balance valve structure
5 3

2) Counter-balance valve operation
Introduction of oil to motor Motor rotation

Hands-on Training
Basic Hydraulic
Actuator

Contents
Topic Page
1. Kind of actuator 3
2. Hydraulic cylinder 4-6
3. Hydraulic motor 7 - 10

1. Kind of actuator
Double acting
Hydraulic
cylinder
Telescopic
Actuator
Gear
motor Swash plate
Hydraulic
type
motor Axial
Piston piston
Bent axis
motor type
Radial
piston
2. Hydraulic cylinder
2) Hydraulic cylinder structure
Single stage
Double acting cylinder
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16

3) Cushion function
Head side cushion
Bottom side cushion

3) Telescopic cylinder structure
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16

3. Hydraulic motor
5) Bent axis piston motor structure
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11
12

3. Hydraulic motor
6) Bent axis piston motor operation
Bent axis angle

3. Hydraulic motor
7) Swash plate piston motor structure
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
13 12 11 10 9

3. Hydraulic motor
8) Swash plate piston motor operation
Pressurized oil

Hands-on Training
Basic Hydraulic
Hydraulic Symbols

Contents
Topic Page
1. Pipe and Hose 3
2. Joint 4
3. Hydraulic Tank 5
4. Pump and Motor 6
5. Energy sources 7
6. Directional control valve 8
7. Spool control 9 - 10
8. Check valve 11
9. Pressure control valve 12
10. Flow control valve 13
11. Hydraulic cylinder 14
12. Filter 15
13. Heat exchanger 16
14. Accessory 17
15. Basic hydraulic circuit 18 - 20

1. Pipe and Hose
Ký hiệu Ứng dụng

Đường dầu chính/làm việc
Đường dầu không nối với nhau
Đường dầu thông nhau
Đường dầu điều khiển/ và dầu xả
Ống dầu mềm
Đầu đo áp

2. Joint

Đầu nối nhanh
Đầu nối nhanh
Khớp nối trung tâm của xe xúc đào

3. Hydraulic tank

Thùng dầu hở
Tank
Tank Thùng dầu kín
Đường dầu nằm trên mức dầu
Đường dầu nằm dưới mức dầu

4. Bơm và Mô tơ

Bơm một chiều có dung
lượng không đổi
Bơm một chiều có dung lượng

thay đổi
Bơm hai chiều có dung lượng
thay đổi
Mô tơ 1 chiều có dung lượng

không đổi
Mô tơ hai chiều có dung lượng

không đổi
Mô tơ 1 chiều có dung lượng

thay đổi

5. Nguồn

Nguồn là mô tơ điện
Nguồn là động cơ diesel
Nguồn là mô tơ sử dụng các loại

nhiên liệu như gas, dầu….

6. Van phân phối đường dầu
Symbol Ứng dụng

Van 2 vị trí, 2 cửa , thường mở
Van 2 vị trí, 2 cửa , thường đóng
Van 3 vị trí, 6 cửa, có cửa

thường mở
Van 4 vị trí, 6 cửa, có cửa

thường mở

7. Spool control
1) Loại tác động lên van

Tác động bằng tay
Tác động bằng chân
Tác động bằng con trượt-cam
Tác động bằng dầu điều khiển
Tác động bằng van điện từ
Tác động bằng dầu và bằng van

điều khiển

7. Spool control
2) Positioning

Tác động bằng lò xo
Có vị trí cố định

8. Check valve
Symbol Application
Van một chiều
Van khóa
Van đầu ra 1 chiều, đầu đến từ hai

ngả


Van xả/ van an toàn/ giới hạn
áp suất
Van điện từ điều khiển đường
dầu
Van giảm áp
EPC, Van điện từ điều khiển tỉ

lệ áp suất dầu
Van điều khiển đường dầu đi mở

van phân phối –PPC. ( tay điều
P khiển ở máy xúc
Symbol Application
Van tiết lưu
Van tiết lưu thay đổi lư u lượng
Van hồi chậm
Van cân bằng ( ở máy xúc đào)

11. Hydraulic Cylinder

Xi lanh 2 chiều
Xi lanh 2 chiều có giảm tốc tự động

ở phần đỉnh
Xi lanh 2 chiều có giảm tốc tự động
ở phần đỉnh & phần cán piston
Xi lanh nhiều tầng 1 chiều
Xi lanh nhiều tầng 2 chiều

12. Filter
Lọc dầu
Lọc hút dầu

13. Heat exchanger
Két làm mát dầu
Két làm mát có chỉ dẫn đường

nước làm mát
Sấy nóng dầu

14. Accessory

Bình tích áp
Đồng hồ đo áp suất
Đồng hồ đo nhiệt độ
Cụm chi tiết

15. Basic Hydraulic Circuit
1) Hydraulic cylinder circuit

2) Hydraulic motor circuit
F/D

3) Kind of circuit
Tandem Circuit Series Circuit Parallel Circuit
No.2 Cylinder No.2 Cylinder No.2 Cylinder
No.1 Cylinder No.1 Cylinder No.1 Cylinder
Pump Pump
Pump

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Hands-on Training

Fundamentals of Hydraulic Basic Hydraulic Page 1/16

Fundamentals of Hydraulic Basic Hydraulic Page 2/16

3. Tap Water Pressure

Fundamentals of Hydraulic Basic Hydraulic Page 3/16

Fundamentals of Hydraulic Basic Hydraulic Page 4/16

Force (Newton) Force

Universal Gravity Gravity force

Fundamentals of Hydraulic Basic Hydraulic Page 5/16

Pushing force 10kg Obtainable force 100kg

Area 1 cm2 Area 10 cm2

Fundamentals of Hydraulic Basic Hydraulic Page 6/16

Pushing force 10kg Obtainable force 100kg

Area 1 cm2 Area 10 cm2

Fundamentals of Hydraulic Basic Hydraulic Page 7/16

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Fundamentals of Hydraulic Basic Hydraulic Page 9/16

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Large area Low speed High pressure

Q = Flow rate : liter / min

Fundamentals of Hydraulic Basic Hydraulic Page 12/16

6. Easy system protection

Fundamentals of Hydraulic Basic Hydraulic Page 13/16

Fundamentals of Hydraulic Basic Hydraulic Page 14/16

Fundamentals of Hydraulic Basic Hydraulic Page 15/16

1. Viscosity = Stickiness of oil

High temperature Low viscosity

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One (1) Engine power = One (1) E (PS) = 75 kgf.m/sec

Hydraulic power = PQ/C = L (PS) PC (Power Constant) control

Fundamentals of Hydraulic Basic Hydraulic Page 20/16

Hydraulic power = PQ/Coefficient = L (PS)

Pressure P is represented by kgf/cm2

1000 PQ kgf cm3 sec

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Gear pump model code

Type BA(L/R) SA(L/R) SD(L/R)

Fundamentals of Hydraulic Basic Hydraulic Page 26/16

Drive gear Sucked oil in between Oil flows left

Fundamentals of Hydraulic Basic Hydraulic Page 27/16

Fundamentals of Hydraulic Basic Hydraulic Page 28/16

Outer rotor Inner rotor

Suction port Discharge port

Fundamentals of Hydraulic Basic Hydraulic Page 29/16

Fundamentals of Hydraulic Basic Hydraulic Page 30/16

Minimum Discharge, a little % of set volume

Maximum Discharge, 100% of set volume

Fundamentals of Hydraulic Basic Hydraulic Page 31/16

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Fundamentals of Hydraulic Basic Hydraulic Page 34/16

Control Pressure control

Fundamentals of Hydraulic Basic Hydraulic Page 35/16

Open center valve Closed center valve Closed center

Fundamentals of Hydraulic Basic Hydraulic Page 36/16

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