LEADERSHIP AND

MANAGEMENT
SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISES/QUESTIONNAIRES
INTRODUCTION
CONTENT

1. Introduction
2. Literature review and Practical Implications
a. History of self-assessment
b. Potential uses for all types of organizations
c. Benefits for all types of organizations
3. Conclusions
4. References
5. Q&A
 HISTORY OF SELF-ASSESSMENT

Internet - social network changed the fundamental of commerce

Business and politics are connected
Present
Sustainability issue
Long-life, smart devices, big data, visual communication, super
structured organizations, connected world
1980s
1976 - American companies met crisis: innovation, quality, productivity
2000 slumped
→ struggle to downsize, increase quality
→ issue of job security
1970s Economy faced stagnation, big government debt
Technology continued to grow
1951 -
Avg. education: 12.6Y
1975
Self-fulfillment need: achieving potential,
Business started to be involved by social and political
issues
Home labor-saving machines appear
1926 - Safety needs: recreation, prosperity, security
1950 Not eager to work overtime nor unconditional obedience

Rich resources, cheap labor, laissez-faire policies

1901 -
Avg. education: 8.2Y
1925
Physiological need: finance
(Quinn et al.2015)
 HISTORY OF SELF-ASSESSMENT
Collaborate : Control : Tim Cook,
Tom Chappell, CEO of Apple.
founder of Tom’s
of Maine.

Create : Mark Compete : Jack

Zuckerberg, CEO
of Facebook
“Move fast and break thing unless you are
breaking stuffs”
Welch, the former
CEO of General
Electric
“If business division were not first or second in
their market, they would be sold”
POTENTIAL USES FOR TYPES OF ORGANISATIONS

Self assessment can be potentially utilised in many fields:

● Education
● Armed forces
● Charities
● Corporate
● Government
POTENTIAL USES OF SELF ASSESSMENTS
BY EDUCATION ORGANISATION

● Self Assessment can be used to motivate students to study, develop their interest
willingness to learn more.
● A potential tool for Teachers, Professors and mentors to train students to master the art
of enhanced and effective learning through self assessment.
● According to a test conducted, it can be seen that students who took a second test with
different questions on the same theory performed much better than their first test attempt.
● They were made to self assess their performance after test 1 and after 7 days they took the
Test 2 and their performance as well as marks had increased by 74% (Sharma et al.,
2016).
Figure reproduced from (Sharma et al., 2016).
POTENTIAL USES OF SELF ASSESSMENTS
BY ARMED FORCES

● Potential use of self-assessment is making an armed force aware of

their weaknesses so that they can find motivation to overcome that
weakness which in turn enhances their motivation for higher training
(Breidert, 2009).

● Military camps use self assessment to provide immediate and

accurate feedback which has shown to enhance leadership quality of
the military leaders , resulting to effective team performance that
results to high success in the missions (Breidert, 2009).
 POTENTIAL USES OF SELF ASSESSMENTS
BY CHARITIES
● Competing values framework approach(Quinn et al., 2011) is an effective way for a charity to
assess itself. By being self-aware their methods they don’t only enhance management
effectiveness but also program effectiveness which eventually result to organizational
effectiveness as a whole.
● Organizational effectiveness is not directly associated with its outcomes or services (Sowa, Selden
and Sandfort, 2004). But also on how it performances affects its employees.

For example:

Make A Difference Organisation : My personal experience of being a part of ONE BIG MAD

○ Self assessments, Feedbacks before and after events,monthly SWOT analysis of oneself,
Strong team and mentor support , always uplifting peers (MAD - Home - Make A Difference |
Top NGO in India | Non Profit in India).
 POTENTIAL USES FOR THE CORPORATION
● Important factor in company development, we uses it when
we need the review of the ability and skill of the employee.
It can be done by everyone, including employee and
employers
● Korn/Ferry International company stated that companies
with higher level of self awareness tend to have strong
financial performance (Chinwe Esimai, 2018)
● It also suggests idea to enhance the weakness and explore
more innovation while making the company sustainable and
continuing
 POTENTIAL USES FOR THE CORPORATION

● Recruitment:
○ Find appropriate jobs and develop present works, provide
valuable content for the resumes and interviews, so
candidates will explore the information that indicate their
abilities
○ Know about where they stand, weaknesses and strengths
and how they can meet organizational expectations
○ “Helps you discover your present level of ability in and
awareness of the competency.” (Quinn et al, 2015)
 POTENTIAL USES FOR GOVERNMENT
● The self assessment can help self judge and
give users a better and clearer image of the
duties, requirements for the skills, some
physical and expectations related to the
position

Example: the Canada ministry of community

safety and correctional services uses the self
assessment to find the appropriate candidate for
the position that they will hire(Ontario ministry of
community safety and correctional services, 2016)
Questionnaire’s Benefits for Organizations

1. Types of Organizations
Wide Ranges of Public, Private, Non Profit organizations in the US and
the World (Quinn et al.2015)
2. BENEFITS

a.What benefits are available to organizations and who will be

beneficial?
b.Where those benefits could be applied?
Competing value framework is one of concrete ways to access the
position of the organization, then realign organization culture that
matched with updated strategies, which are beneficial managers, the
organizations and the world. (Lincoln 2010).
Example: Vietnam Prime Minister Office pushes E Government (The
World and Viet Nam Report 2019)
 2. BENEFITS

C. How the benefits could be measured?

● Companies applied downsizing or reengineering strategies when leading the company
through risk and challenged events, however, 75% of them were worse of in term of the
first one in long term and 85% were recorded with limited or zero gaining from the latter
(Cameron and Quinn 2006).
● Organizational culture may defeat the change efforts (Kluyver and Pearce 2006).
● Hooijberg and Petrock (1993) figured out that Competing Value framework is suitable
for strategic change planning because it gives participants opportunities identify the
needs for changes, also discover resistance of themselves
○ Make greater the opportunities of success by applying Competing Value
framework (Lincoln 2010).
 2. BENEFITS

C. How - example. Comparison between the underlying message from

leaders of Christchurch incident and the US action against the terror
BENEFITS FOR ALL TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONS

Why benefits are available to

organizations ? When benefits are available to
As specific job tasks and organizations ?
responsibilities may vary across The benefits will available in
types of organizational, it creates occasion of organizations set
a dynamics environment that push up specific requirements and
managers to learn different expectation for different level
competencies at different levels of management.
(Quinn, 2014). Hence, the
organization value will be
sharpen with high quality of
workforce and comprehensive
management team.
 Example

- Encourage innovation - Professional working

- Every employee has its own environment
powerful impact - Clear processing
(The Recognition). - Complex working
- Single process- fast process
- Flexible (facing with series of - You can be easily
unexpected situations) substituted.
 CONCLUSION

In conclusion we have observed that self assessment is an effective tool

which is used by different organization for different purpose to obtain
certain outcomes and objectives.

There is no right or wrong to it but it helps individuals as well as

organisations to understand their weakness, strengths, threats opportunities
to have a good plan so far.
REFERENCE
.AP 2001, Bush address on military action in Afghanistan, video recording, 7 October 2001, viewed 24 March 2019, <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=osXkym5GHXI>

History 2019, ‘A Timeline of the U.S.-Led War on Terror’, History, 1 January 2019, viewed 24 March 2019, <https://www.history.com/topics/21st-century/war-on-terror-timeline>

BBC 2019, ‘Jacinda Ardern: 'A leader with love on full display’, BBC, 21 March 2019, viewed 24 March 2019, <https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-47630129>

Cameron and Quinn 2006, Diagnosing and changing organizational culture: Based on the competing values framework, 2 nd edn, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco
Chinwe Esimai, 2018, ‘Great Leadership Starts With Self-Awareness’, Forbes news, Feb 2018, viewed on 25/3/2019<https://www.forbes.com/sites/ellevate/2018/02/15/self-
awareness-being-more-of-what-makes-you-great/#b9b6b4740ddb

Kluyver and Pearce 2006, Strategy: A view from the top, 3rd edn, Pearson, New Jersey

Hooijberg and Petrock 1993, ‘On cultural change: Using the competing values framework to help leaders execute a transformational strategy’ Human Resource Management,
vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 29-50.

Lincoln 2010, ‘From the Individual to the World: How the Competing Values Framework Can Help Organizations Improve Global Strategic Performance’, Emerging Leadership
Journeys, vol. 3, no. 1, 2010, pp. 3-9.
Ontario ministry of community safety and correctional services, 2016, ‘Correctional Officer Self-Assessment Questionnaire‘, Ontario ministry of community safety and
correctional services, February 2016, viewed 25 March 2019, <https://www.mcscs.jus.gov.on.ca/english/corr_serv/careers_in_corr/become_corr_off/Self-
assessment/cs_coself_assess.html

Quinn, Faerman, Thompson, McGrath, and Bright (2015), Becoming a master manager, 5 th edn, Wiley, New Jersey.

The World and Viet Nam Report 2019, ‘Vietnam learns international experience in building e-government’, The World and Viet Nam Report, 23 March 2019, viewed 24th
January 2019, <http://tgvn.com.vn/vietnam-learns-international-experience-in-building-e-government-90369.html>

Tharp, M.B. (2009) Four Organizational Culture Types. Available at <http://faculty.mu.edu.sa/public/uploads/1360757023.3588organizational%20cult98.pdf>

Quinn, R. E., St, C. L. S., Faerman, S. R., Thompson, M. P., & McGrath, M. R. (2014). Becoming a master manager : A competing values approach, sixth edition. Retrieved
REFERENCE
Breidert, J. T. (2009) ‘Self-Assessments by U . S . Army Officers : Effects of Skill Level and Item Ambiguity on Accuracy’, p. 62 Pages.

(MAD - Home - Make A Difference | Top NGO in India | Non Profit in India, no date)MAD - Home - Make A Difference | Top NGO in India | Non Profit in India . Available at:
https://makeadiff.in/.

Langfield-Smith, K. (1995). Organisational culture and control. In Management Control (pp. 179-200). Palgrave, London.

Sharma, R. et al. (2016) ‘Impact of self-assessment by students on their learning.’, International journal of applied & basic medical research. Wolters Kluwer --
Medknow Publications, 6(3), pp. 226–9. doi: 10.4103/2229-516X.186961.

Sowa, J. E., Selden, S. C. and Sandfort, J. R. (2004) ‘No longer unmeasurable a multidimensional integrated of nonprofit organizational effectiveness’, Nonprofit
and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 33(4), pp. 711–728. doi: 10.1177/0899764004269146.

Quinn, R. E. et al. (2011) ‘Becoming a Master Manager: A Competing Values Approach’, Reference and Research Book News.
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