GS F242 Cultural Studies

• What is culture? What are the various meanings that come to your mind when you hear
the term culture?
• Can you think of some statements where “culture” is used?
(insert slide”
Culture is not important just in academics, but in the field of business and management.
Some of you might remember from your first year course about the importance of cross-
cultural communication

Culture as a product versus culture as a practice

• “culture”, “cultural”, “Cultural events”
• Cultural events in news papers: dance,
• “culture wars”
• Accoridng to Raymon Williams, by the 20th century there were three
distinc tmeanings for culture

• a general process of intellectual, spiritual and aesthetic development;

• • a particular way of life, whether of a people, a period, a group or
humanityin general;
• • the works and practices of intellectual and especially artistic activity
• Insert the quotes from Arnold and explain what he means by the
Perfection, “sweetness and light”
Culture is “a study of perfection. It moves by the force, not merely or primarily of the scientific passion for pure knowledge, but also
of the moral and social passion for doing good”
“culture . . . has a very important function to fulfil for mankind. And this function is particularly important in our modern world, of
which the whole civilisation is . . . mechanical and external, and tends constantly to become more so .”
• The pursuit of perfection, then, is the pursuit of sweetness and light. He who
• works for sweetness and light works to make reason and the will of God prevail. He
• who works for machinery, he who works for hatred, works only for confusion.
• Culture looks beyond machinery, culture hates hatred; culture has one great passion,
• the passion for sweetness and light . . . It is not satisfi ed till we all come to a perfect
• man, it knows that the sweetness and light of the few must be imperfect until the
• raw and unkindled masses of humanity are touched with sweetness and light
Culture vs anarchy
• Interrogating modernity

• Hindi cinema and its star system, the rath yatra and the demand for a temple at Ayodhya, the proposed
• Disneyland in Haryana, the devotional fervour aroused by the Ramayana on television, Madonna and
Michael
• Jackson in middle-class homes, the folklorization of ‘rural India’ for elite consumption, or ‘ethnic’ Rajasthani-
• Gujarati clothes on South Indian women. And not so insistently visible: the demands for regional autonomy;
the
• growth of the women’s movement; the Dalit struggles for the invention of alternate traditions, both cultural
and
• political; the non-conventional left’s attempts to consolidate a lower class/caste base; the questioning of the
• concept of ‘secularism’ from both right and left; or even the formation of ‘modern’ communal identities.
(Niranjana,
• P. Sudhir and Vivek Dhareshwar, 1)
• Plenty of people will try to give the masses,
• as they call them, an intellectual food prepared and adapted in the way they think
• proper for the actual condition of the masses. The ordinary popular literature is an
• example of this way of working on the masses. Plenty of people will try to indoctrinate
• the masses with the set of ideas and judgements constituting the creed of their
• own profession or party. Our religious and political organisations give an example
• of this way of working on the masses. I condemn neither way; but culture works
• differently. It does not try to teach down to the level of inferior classes; it does not
• try to win them for this or that sect of its own, with ready-made judgements and
• watchwords. It seeks to do away with classes; to make the best that has been
• thought and known in the world current everywhere; to make all men live in an
• atmosphere of sweetness and light, where they may use ideas, as it uses them itself,
• freely, – nourished, and not bound by them.

• How does Arnold see culture according to you?

• According to him what will be culture and what will not count as culture?
• Mass Culture: reading of popular fiction as “a drug addiction”
• “culture” and “mass culture”
• Williams called this:
• a ‘social’ defi nition of culture, in which culture is a description of a particular
• way of life, which expresses certain meanings and values not only in art and
• learning but also in institutions and ordinary behaviour. The analysis of culture,
• from such a defi nition, is the clarifi cation of the meanings and values implicit
• and explicit in a particular way of life, a particular culture. Such analysis will
• include . . . historical criticism . . . in which intellectual and imaginative works
• are analysed in relation to particular traditions and societies, but will also
• include analysis of elements in the way of life that to followers of the other
• defi nitions are not ‘culture’ at all: the organization of production, the structure
• of the family, the structure of institutions which express or govern social
• relationships, the characteristic forms through which members of the society
• Communicate

• Williams’s defi nition above proposes that culture is a system by which

• meanings and ideas are expressed, not only in ‘art and learning’, but also in
• ‘ordinary behaviour’.
• Culture is ordinary: that is the fi rst fact. Every human society has its own shape,
• its own purposes, its own meanings. Every human society expresses these, in institutions,
• and in arts and learning. The making of a society is the fi nding of common
• meanings and directions, and its growth is an active debate and amendment under
• the pressures of experience, contact and discovery, writing themselves into the
• land . . . We use the word culture in . . . two senses: to mean a whole way of life –
• the common meanings; to mean the arts and learning – the special processes of
• discovery and creative effort. Some writers reserve the word for one or other of
• these senses; I insist on both, and on the signifi cance of their conjunction. The questions
• I ask about our culture are questions about our general and common purposes,
• yet also questions about deep personal meanings. Culture is ordinary, in every
• society and in every mind. (Williams, 1958a, pp. 5–6)
• Cultural as opposite to mechanical in the context of industrialization
• How did the word culture acquire the meaning that it has today?
• What is cultural? What makes something cultural?
• Raymond Williams: “Culture is one of the two or three most complicated
words in the English language”.
• The term culture derives from ‘cultura’ and ‘colere’:
a. ‘to cultivate’
b. ‘to honor’, ‘to protect’
c. The tending of something
• Culture as a way of life: anthropological, “folk culture”, “tribal
culture”, “Indian culture”, “Modern culture”
• Stuart Hall: one way of thinking about culture in our own world, ‘is in
terms of shared conceptual
• maps, shared language systems and the codes which govern the
relationships of translation between them’
• E.B. Tylor. British anthropologist. Cultural anthropology. Primitive
Cultures (1871): "Culture is that complex whole which includes
knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and other capabilities
and habits acquired by man as a member of society"
• Margaret Mead (American anthropologist): “Culture is the learned
behavior of a society or a subgroup”
• Raymond Williams: "Culture includes the organization of production, the
structure of the family, the structure of institutions which express or
govern social relationships, the characteristic forms through which
members of the society communicate“
• Clifford Geertz (anthropologist): Culture is simply the ensemble of stories
we tell ourselves about ourselves
• Cultural practices and their relation to power
• Is Culture a distinct entity? Is it divorced from the social and political
contexts?
• Culture, meaning and communication

• We will look at this in the next lecture