RIGID FRAMES

AJEESH K
NIKITHA
M2-CASE
What are rigid frames?

 A structure made up of linear elements typically

beams and columns that are connected to one another
at their ends and do not allow rotation at the ends of
the attached members although the joint may rotate
as a unit, they would also maintain there internal
angles.
Typical rigid frame structures in steel and concrete
Beam column mechanism
Typical features

• Joint rigidity than post –and –beam system.

• Increased rigidity ,decreased deflections, decreased internal bending

moments

• Beams designed would be having lesser sections while the designed

columns would be having higher sections since they have to take up
axial load and bending moments.
Advantages

 Simplicity and convenience due to its rectangular form.

 Unobstructed arrangement :- Clear of bracing and

structural walls

 Rigid frames are economical up to 25 stories.

• Behaviour to Loads
Vertical load :- the beam takes the load by bending it transfers to the columns. The
load tends to rotate the ends of the beams, since fixed ,the column restrains the
rotation of the beam and hence it takes more bending moment other than the axial
loads.

• Horizontal loads:-there is a large difference in behaviour of rigid frames and post –and –
beam system towards horizontal loads. post –and –beam system resist the loads mainly
by the self weight but rigid frames by virtue of their rigid connection ,beams restrain
the columns from rotating in such a way that it would lead to total collapse of the
structure.
Importance of relative beam and column stiffness

 Fig.1 Structure having different

𝐼𝐴 = 3𝐼𝐵
column stiffness, assuming

Fig.2 Despite the stiffness each

member must
△𝐴 =△𝐵
 deflect the same amount
Contd..

 Fig.3
 A larger force must be applied to
the stiffer column to make it
𝑷 >P
deflect the same extent to that𝑨 of 𝑩
the other column .

Fig.4 Since stiffer column takes more

force
higher moments are created at
stiffer
column
Support settlements

 Rigid frames are quite sensitive to support settlements.

 Any type of differential support movement either vertically or horizontally would

lead to moments.

 Higher the differential settlement higher would be the moments introduced.

Steps involved in design

 Estimation of gravity loads in girders and columns.

 Preliminary estimation of member sizes based on gravity forces

with arbitrary increase in sizes to allow for horizontal loading.

 Approximate allocation of horizontal loading to bents and

preliminary analysis of member forces in bents.

 Check on drift and adjustment of member sizes if necessary.

Check on strength of member for worst combinations of gravity and
horizontal loading, and adjustment of member sizes if necessary.

Computer analysis of total structure for more accurate check on

member strength and drift. With further adjustment of member sizes if
required.

Detailed design of members and connections

Rigid frame behaviour

 The accumulated horizontal shear above any story of a

rigid frame is resisted by shear in the columns of the
story.
 The shear causes the column to bend in double curvature
with point of contra flexure at approximately mid story
height level.
 The moments applied to a joint from the columns above
and below are resisted by the attached girders ,which
will also bend in a double curvature, with points of contra
flexure at mid span.
Forces and deformations caused by external shear
 APPROXIMATE METHODS FOR
DETERMINING MEMBER FORCES CAUSED
BY GRAVITY LOADING
1. Girder forces - Code recommended values.
Conditions:-
 For rigid frames with two or more spans in which the longer of any two
adjacent spans does not exceed the shorter by more than 20%
 The uniformly distributed design live loads does not exceed 3 times the
dead load

The girder moments and shears are estimate by the table given below. This
summarizes the recommendations given in UNIFORM BUILDING CODE.
Two- cycle moment distribution

 Concise form of moment distribution for determining

girder moments in a continuous multi-bay span.
 More accurate method

Assumptions:-
 A counter clock-wise restraining moment at the end of the
girder is assumed +ve and a clock-wise moment is taken as
–ve
 The ends of the column considered above and below, the considered girder are fixed.

1
 In the absence of known member sizes, distribution factor is taken as .
𝑛
n - no of members framing into the joint
Approximate Analysis of member forces caused by
horizontal loading
 Allocation of loading between Bents

The first step in analysis is to estimate the allocation of horizontal loading to

each bents, for this it is assumed that the floor slabs are rigid in plane, therefore,
constrain the horizontal displacements of all the vertical bents at a floor level
to be related by horizontal translations and rotation of the floor slab.

Symmetric plan structures:- the bents translate but doesn’t twist

Asymmetric plan structures :- a horizontal torque is formed in addition to usual
shear
  Member forces analysis by portal methods
• Approximate hand analysis without having to specify member sizes.

• This method is most appropriate for rigid frames that deflect predominantly by
racking.

• Useful for structures of moderate slenderness and height (up to 25 stories)

Assumptions

 Horizontal loading on the frame causes double curvature bending of all the
columns and girders with point of contra flexure at mid span.
The procedure from frame analysis:-

1. Draw a line diagram of the frame and indicate on it horizontal shear at each mid story level.

2. In each story allocate the shear to the column in proportion to the aisle width they support, indicating the
values on the diagram.

3. Starting with the top left module compute the maximum moment just below the joint from the product of
column shear and half story width.

4. Find the girder end moment just to the right of the joint from the equilibrium of the column and girder
moment at the joint. The moment at the other end of the girder is of the same magnitude but opposite sign.

5. Evaluate the girder shear by dividing the girder end moment by half the span.

6. Consider the equilibrium of second joint and repeat steps 3-5 to find max moment in the 2nd column, and the
moment and shear in the second girder from left.
It is required to determine the member forces in a 20 story frame
shown in fig. the story height is typically 3.5m . The intensity of
the wind load is 1.5 kN/sqm throughout the height.
Wind load per floor,
at typical levels 1.5x7x3.5 = 36.8 kN
at the roof level 1.5x7x1.75= 18.4 kN
Shear in the top story = 18.4 kN
Distributing this shears b/w the top story columns in proportion to the widths of
aisle supported;
for column A: 18.4x3.25/20 = 2.99 kN
for column B: 18.4x(3.25+3.75)/20 = 6.44 kN
Moment at top of column = column shear x half story height
= 2.99x1.75 = 5.23 kNm

From moment equilibrium of joints, the moment at left end of the first girder
= -5.23 kNm

Shear in girder = girder end moment / half girder length

= 5.23 / 3.25 = 1.61 kN

Considering the next node to the right B 20,

Moment at top of column = column shear x half story height

= 6.44 x 1.75 = 11.27 kNm

From moment equilibrium at joint, moment at end of second girder

= -(11.27 -5.23) = -6.04 kNm
Shear in second girder = girder moment/half-girder length
= 6.04/3.75 = 1.61 kN

For direct analysis of force at an intermediate level,

Starting with the left module A8,

moment in column above joint = 68.8 x 1.75 = 120.4 kNm

moment in column below joint = 74.8 x 1.75 = 130.9 knm

From moment equilibrium of joint , moment at end of first girder

= ( 120.4 + 130.9) = -251.3 kNm

Then the shear in first girder = 251.3 / 3.25 = 77.3 kN

Continuing with the next right module B8,

moment in column above joint = 148.1 x 1.75 = 259.2kNm

moment in column below joint = 161 x 1.75 = 281.8 kNm

From moment equilibrium of the joint, the moment at the end of the second girder = -(259.2
+ 281.8 – 251 3) = -289.7 kNm

Then, shear in the second girder = 289.7 / 3.75 = 77.3 kN

The above procedure is repeated. . .

Approximate analysis for drift

 When the initial sizes of the member has been selected, approximate check
on the horizontal drift can be made.
 The drift in non slender member is mainly caused by racking
 1. Racking due to rotation of joints
 2. racking due to double bending of columns
 Fig below:-
I. Joint rotation due to girder flexure
II. Story drift due to girder flexure
III. Story drift due to column flexure
Components of Drift
Story drift due to girder flexure
𝑄𝑖 ℎ𝑖2
𝛿𝑖𝑔 =
𝐼𝑔
12𝐸 ෎
𝐿 𝑖

Story drift due to column flexure

𝑄𝑖 ℎ𝑖2
𝛿𝑖𝑐 = 𝐼𝑐
12𝐸 ෍
ℎ 𝑖
 story drift due to overall bending;

𝛿𝑖𝑓 = ℎ𝑖 𝐴𝑖0

 Total story drift,

𝑄𝑖 ℎ𝑖2 𝑄𝑖 ℎ𝑖2
𝛿𝑖 = 𝐼𝑔 + 𝐼𝑐 + 𝑖
ℎ𝑖 𝐴0
12𝐸 ෍ 12𝐸 ෍
𝐿 𝑖 ℎ 𝑖
Correction for excessive drift…..

 Girder flexure is the major cause of drift with column

flexure
secondary.

 Increasing the girder stiffness is the most effective and

economical way of correcting excessive drift.
Flat plate structure analogous to Rigid frames

 Flat plate structure (Columns are cast integrally with the slab) - behaviour
under horizontal loading is similar to rigid frames.

 The lateral deflection of the structure are a result of simple double curvature
bending of the column
.
A flat plate multistory structure consists of a regular rectangular grid of columns spaced at 8 m
by 6 m c/c. The columns are 0.6 m square and the slab is 0.2 m thick. For horizontal loading
acting parallel to the 8m dimensions, determine the moment of inertia of an equivalent beam to
replace the slab.

a = 8m b = 6m u = 0.6m

𝑢 0.6 𝑏 6
= = 0.075 = = 0.75
𝑎 8 𝑎 8

𝑏′
Referring to the graph, = 0.61
𝑏
b’ =0.61 x 6 = 3.66 m
3.66 𝑋 0.23
Moment of inertia of equivalent beam, 𝐼 = = 0.0024𝑚4
12
 Computer analysis of rigid frames

• A computer analysis is more accurate, and better able to analyze complex structures. A
wide variety of commercial structural analysis programs, invariably based on the
stiffness matrix method, are available.

 Forming the model of the rigid frame for computer analysis consists of an assembly of
beam-type elements to represent both the beams and columns of the frame. The
columns are assigned their principal inertias and sectional areas.
Reduction of Rigid frames for analysis
Lumped Girder Frame

 A repetitive floor system offers scope for the lumping of girders in successive floors to
form a model with fewer stories. The lumped girder frame allows an accurate estimate of
the drift and a good estimate of the member forces.

 The girders are usually lumped in threes or, if the frame is very tall, in fives. In the
example, three sets of three girders are lumped into single girders that converts the 13-
story frame into a 7-story equivalent frame.
 Summary
 The flexural continuity between the members of a rigid frame enables the structure to
resist horizontal loading as well as to assist in carrying gravity loading. The probable
worst combined effects of gravity and horizontal loading have to be estimated for the design
of the frame.

 Gravity loading causes regions of sagging moment near the mid-span of the girders and
of hogging moment beside the columns.

 Pattern live loading must be used to estimate the worst effects of gravity loading. The
girder maximum moments may be evaluated approximately from formulas or more
accurately from conventional or shortened forms of moment distribution.
 The portal and cantilever methods of analysis provide an estimate of the horizontal
loading member forces that, when combined with the gravity loading member forces,
allow a preliminary design of the frame members.

 When a rigid frame includes many repetitive stories it may be reduced for a
horizontal loading analysis by lumping the girders in three, or five, successive
floors to give an equivalent simpler structure.

 A multi bay rigid frame may be reduced to an equivalent single-bay frame for a
horizontal loading analysis. This model is useful for representing the horizontal
response of the bent and for determining its horizontal deflections.
THANK U