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Top view:
Information originates and terminates at the terminal
station.
Repeaters relay or conveys the information to the
next downlink microwave station.
Microwave stations must be geographically placed in
such a way that natural or man-made barriers should
not interfere with transmissions between stations.
Microwave stations are placed about 15 to 30 miles
apart .
Microwave radio systems has a capacity to carry
thousands of information channels without the need
of any physical facilities such as coaxial cables or
optical fibers.
Advantages:
1. Right-of –way acquisition between stations is not needed
2. Each station requires a purchase or lease of only a small
area of land.
3. Requires relatively small antennas (shorter wavelength)
4. Because of high operating frequencies it can carry large
quantity of information
5. Propagation is easy around physical obstacles such as
water and high mountains.
6. Fewer repeaters are necessary for amplification
7. Underground facilities are minimized
8. Minimum delay times are introduced
9. Minimal crosstalk exists between voice channels
10. Increased reliability and less maintenance
Disadvantages:
1. More difficult to analyze and design circuits at
microwave frequencies.
2. Measuring techniques are more difficult to perfect and
implement at microwave frequencies.
3. It is difficult to implement conventional circuit
components(resisters, capacitors, inductors etc) at
microwave frequencies.
4. Transient time more critical at microwave frequencies.
5. It is often necessary to use specialized components for
microwave frequencies.
6. Microwave frequencies propagate in straight line,
which limits their use to line-of-sight applications.
Frequency modulated microwave radio system:
Provide flexible, reliable and economical point-to-
point communication.
It can simultaneously carry thousands of voice and
data channels.
FM microwave radio transmitter:
Baseband signal is a composite signal consists of,
FDM voice band channels
TDM voice band channels
Broadcast quality composite video
Wideband data
Pre-emphasis network provides an artificial boost in
amplitude to the higher baseband frequencies. This
will provide a uniform signal to noise ratio.
FM modulator provides modulation of the IF
carrier(60-70Mhz) (that eventually becomes the
microwave carrier).
The IF and its associated sidebands are up-converted
to the microwave region by the mixer, microwave
oscillator, and bandpass filter.
Mixing, rather than multiplying, is used to translate
the IF frequencies to RF frequencies.
Microwave generators consists of crystal oscillators
and frequency multipliers.
FM microwave radio receiver:
Channel separation network provides the isolation and
filtering necessary separate individual microwave
channels and direct them to their respective receivers.
The bandpass filter, mixer and microwave oscillator
down-convert the RF microwave frequency to IF
frequency .
FM demodulator is a non-coherent FM detector (PLL
demodulator)
De-emphasis restores the baseband signal to its
original amplitude-versus-frequency characteristics.
FM Microwave radio repeaters:
The permissible distance between FM microwave Tx
and its associated microwave receiver depends on
Tx output power
Receiver noise threshold
Terrain
Atmospheric conditions
System capacity
Performance expectations