CH 2

World History
2.1
Essential Question:
In what ways did Muslim societies
encourage cultural blending?
Big Idea
Muhammad unified the Arab people
both politically and through the
religion of Islam.
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

World History
Daily Objectives
• How did land and climate features

influence Bedouin family life?
People relied on family to survive in
harsh desert conditions.
• How would you compare the reactions
to Muhammad in Mecca and Yathrib?
In Mecca many opposed him, while in
Yathrib a diverse group supported him.
2

World History
Essential Historical Concepts
Allah
Muhammad
Islam
Muslim
Hijrah
mosque
hajj
3
Qur’an
World History
Graphic Organizer

World History
LESSON 1 The Rise of Islam
Muhammad unified the Arab

people both politically and
through the religion of Islam.

World History
LESSON 1 The Rise of Islam

Deserts, Towns, and Trade Routes
• A crossroads of three continents: Africa Asia,
and Europe
• Mostly desert with small amount of fertile land
- Inhabited by nomadic Arab herders in the past
Desert and Town Life
• Bedouins, Arab nomads, thrive in the desert
• Bedouins live in clans, which give support to
members
• Some Arabs settle near oases or market towns
6 Continued…

World History
Lesson 1
Deserts, Towns, and (continued)

Trade Routes
Crossroads of Trade and Ideas
• Many sea and land trade routes pass through Arabia
• Trade extends to the Byzantine and Sassanid
empires to the north
Mecca
• Pilgrims come to Mecca to worship at the Ka’aba,
an ancient shrine
• Arabs associate shrine with Hebrew prophet
Abraham and monotheism
• Some tribes worship many gods and spirits, bring
idols to Ka’aba
• Some Arabs believe in one God—Allah in Arabic
7

World History
Lesson 1
Muhammad, Prophet of Islam
• Around AD 570 Muhammad is born into a powerful
Meccan clan
• Becomes a trader, marries wealthy
businesswoman, Khadijah
Revelations
• By age 40, Muhammad spends much time in prayer
and meditation
• He hears angel Gabriel tell him he is a messenger
of Allah
• Muhammad founds religion of Islam—“submission
to the will of Allah”
• Many join him and become Muslim—“one who has
submitted” 8 Continued…

World History
Lesson 1
(continued)
The Hijrah
• Muhammad’s followers are attacked; together
they leave Mecca in 622
• Hijrah—the Muslim migration from Mecca to
Yathrib (renamed Medina)
• Muhammad attracts many more followers,
becomes great leader:
• -political leader—joins Jews and Arabs of
Medina as a single community
• -religious leader—draws more converts to Islam
• -military leader—tackles growing hostilities
between Mecca and Medina
9 Continued…

World History
Lesson 1

(continued)
Returning to Mecca
• In 630, Muhammad and 10,000
followers return to Mecca
• Meccan leaders surrender
• Muhammad destroys idols in Ka’aba
• Meccans convert to Islam
• Muhammad unifies Arabian Peninsula
10

World History
Lesson 1
Beliefs and Practices of Islam

• The main teaching of Islam is that there
is only one god, Allah
• People are responsible for their own
actions; there is good and evil
• Islamic monument in Jerusalem—Dome
of the Rock
• Muslims believe Muhammad rose to
heaven here to learn Allah’s will
• Jews believe Abraham was prepared to
sacrifice son Isaac at same site
11 Continued…

World History
Lesson 1
Beliefs and Practices

(continued) of Islam
The Five Pillars

• Muslims must carry out five duties—the Five
Pillars of Islam
- statement of faith to Allah and to Muhammad
as his prophet
- pray five times a day, can use a mosque—
Islamic house of worship
- give alms, or money for the poor
- fast between dawn and sunset during holy
month of Ramadan
- perform the hajj—pilgrimage to Mecca—at
least once 12 Continued…

World History
Lesson 1

(continued)
A Way of Life
• Customs and traditions guide Muslim’s lives
• Scholar class, ulama, and teachers apply religion to
life; no priests
Sources of Authority
• Original source of authority for Muslims is Allah
• Qur’an—holy book, contains revelations
Muhammad received from Allah
• Muslims follow Sunna—Muhammad’s example for
proper living
• Guidance of Qur’an and Sunna assembled in body
of law—shari’a 13 Continued…

World History
Lesson 1
Links to Judaism and Christianity
• To Muslims, Allah is same God worshiped by
Christians and Jews
• Qur’an, Gospels, Torah—contain God’s will as
revealed through others
• Muslims, Christians, and Jews trace their roots
to Abraham
• All three religions believe in heaven, hell, and a
day of judgment
• Shari’a law requires Muslim leaders to extend
religious tolerance
14 Continued…

World History
Content Check
15

World History
2.2
Essential Question:
Big Idea
Muslims combined and preserved
the traditions of many peoples and
also advanced learning in a variety
of areas.
16

World History
Objective Questions
• How does the conflict over the moving of

the capital show a drawback of having a
large empire?
Many cultures must coexist; political power
must be maintained over long distances.
• How united was the Muslim Empire
politically and economically?
It was divided politically into rival states, but
it was unified economically through trade,
currency, and language.
17

World History
Essential Historical Conceots
caliph
Umayyads dynasty
Shi’a
Sunni
Sufi
Abbasids
al-Andalus
18
Fatimid
World History
Graphic Organizer
19

World History
LESSON 2 Islam Expands
In spite of internal conflicts, the

Muslims created a huge empire
that included lands on three
continents.
20

World History
LESSON 2 Islam Expands

Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam
• In 632 Muhammad dies; Muslims elect Abu-Bakr
to be first caliph
• Caliph, title for Muslim leader, means
“successor” or “deputy”
“Rightly Guided” Caliphs
• First four caliphs guided by the Qur’an and
Muhammad’s actions
• Jihad, armed struggle against unbelievers,
used to expand Islam
• By 750, Muslim empire stretches from Atlantic
Ocean to Indus River21 Continued…

World History
Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam

Lesson 2
Reasons for Success (continued)
• Muslim armies are well disciplined and

expertly commanded
• Byzantine and Sassanid empires are weak
from previous conflict
• Persecuted citizens of these empires
welcome Islam
• Attracted to Islam’s offer of equality and hope
Interaction with Conquered Peoples
• Muslim invaders tolerate other religions
• Christians, Jews receive special
consideration as “people
22
of the book”
World History
Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis

Lesson 2
• Struggles for power end the elective system of
choosing a caliph
• Wealthy family, Umayyads, take power; move
Muslim capital to Damascus
Sunni-Shi’a Split
• Shi’a—“party” of Ali—believe caliph should be
Muhammad’s descendant
• Sunni—followers of Muhammad’s example—
support Umayyads
• Sufi followers pursue life of poverty,
spirituality; reject Umayyads
• In 750, a rebel group—the Abbasids—topple the
Umayyads 23

World History
Control Extends over Three Continents

Lesson 2
• Abbasids murder Umayyad family; one prince
escapes, Abd al-Rahman
• Flees to Spain; establishes new Umayyad
caliphate in al-Andalus
• al-Andalus—Muslim state in southern Spain
settled by North Africans
Abbasids Consolidate Power
• In 762, Abbasids move Muslim capital from
Damascus to Baghdad
• Location provides access to trade goods, gold,
information
• Abbasids develop strong bureaucracy to
manage empire 24 Continued…

World History
Control Extends over Three Continents

Lesson 2
Rival Groups Divide Muslim
(continued) Lands
• Independent Muslim states spring up; Shi’a Muslims
form new caliphate
• Fatimid caliphate—claim descent from Fatima,
daughter of Muhammad
• Begins in North Africa; spreads to Red Sea,
western Arabia and Syria
Muslim Trade Network
• Muslims trade by land and sea with Asia and
Europe
• Muslim merchants use Arabic, single currency, and
checks
• Córdoba, in al-Andalus, is dazzling center of Muslim
culture 25

World History
Content Check
26

World History
2.3
Essential Question:
The Big Idea

Muslims combined and preserved the
traditions of many peoples and also
advanced learning in a variety of areas.
27

World History
Objectives
Why do you think religion influenced a person’s class

in Baghdad more than other factors?
Baghdad was constructed as a Muslim city. Muslim
society at the time was stratified by religious
practice and distinguished between born and
conveal-Razi rted Muslims.
What makes you think Muslim women had more
economic and property rights than in some other
cultures?
The Shari’a gave Muslim women specific legal rights
concerning marriage, family, and property. Most
cultures at this time did not
28
provide rights to this
extent to women.
World History
House of Wisdom
Calligraphy
Zoroastrians
al-Razi
Ibn Rushd
29

World History
Graphic Organizer
30

World History
LESSON 3 Muslim Culture
Muslims combined and preserved the

traditions of many peoples and also
advanced learning in a variety of areas.
31

World History
LESSON 3 Muslim Culture

Muslim Society
The Rise of Muslim Cities
• Leading cities include Damascus, Baghdad, Córdoba,
Cairo, Jerusalem
• Baghdad, impressive Abbasid capital; population around
one million
Four Social Classes
• Muslim society: Muslims at birth, converts, protected
people, slaves
• “Protected people” were Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians
Role of Women
• Women enjoy some rights but expected to submit to men
• Women’s responsibilities vary
32 with husbands’ income
World History
Muslim Scholarship Extends Knowledge

Lesson 3
• Muslims use scientific knowledge to help fulfill
religious duties
• Muhammad valued power of learning, study,
scholarship
• Muslim scholars preserve and translate
scientific, philosophical texts
• House of Wisdom—Bagdad institute: library,
academy, translation center
33

World History
Arts
Lessonand
3 Sciences Flourish
Muslim Literature
• Qu’ran is standard for Arabic literature; praise for
Muhammad, Islam
• Abbasid caliphate poets write of nature, life, and
love
• Popular literature includes The Thousand and One
Nights
Muslim Art and Architecture
• Islam discourages images of living things, artists
turn to calligraphy
• Calligraphy—art of beautiful handwriting
• Architecture of Muslim mosques is blend of many
cultures 34 Continued…

World History
Arts and Sciences Flourish

Lesson 3
Medical Advances
(continued)
• Persian al-Razi is greatest physician, from 500

to 1500
• Al-Razi writes encyclopedia of medical
knowledge
Math and Science Stretch Horizons
• Muslim scientists solve problems through
experimentation
• Al-Khwarizmi develops algebra and writes
textbook
• Mathematician Ibn al-Haytham changes ideas
about vision
35 Continued…

World History
Lesson 3
Arts and Sciences Flourish
(continued)
Muslim Agricultural Revolution

• Muslim Agricultural Revolution, AD 700s to the
1200s
• Muslim traders introduced new crops and
farming techniques
- Brought sorghum from Africa, citrus from
China, mangos, sugarcane, and rice from
India
- Agriculture more mechanized; new irrigation
techniques
- Population and economy grow
36

World History
Lesson 3
Philosophy and Religion Blend Views

• Ibn Rushd is criticized for blending Greek
philosophy with Islam
• Jewish philosopher Maimonides faces
opposition for his ideas
• Blends philosophy, religion, science in The
Guide for the Perplexed
The “Ideal Man”
• Muslims recognize values of many cultures;
enjoy a blended culture
• Emerging Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal empires
reflect Muslim culture
37

World History
Content Check
38

World History
2.4
Essential Question:
Big Idea
The Ottomans established a Muslim
empire that combined many cultures
and lasted for more than 600 years.
39

World History
Objective Questions
• Why do you think religion influenced a person’s

class in Baghdad more than other factors?
Baghdad was constructed as a Muslim city. Muslim
society at the time was stratified by religious
practice and distinguished between born and
converted Muslims.
• What makes you think Muslim women had more
economic and property rights than in some other
cultures?
The Shari’a gave Muslim women specific legal rights
concerning marriage, family, and property. Most
cultures at this time did not provide rights to this
extent to women. 40

World History
ghazi
Ottoman
sultan
Timur the Lame
Mehmed II
Suleyman the Lawgiver
devshirme
janissary
41

World History
Graphic Organizer
42

World History
LESSON 4 The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
The Ottomans established a

Muslim empire that combined
many cultures and lasted for more
than 600 years.
43

World History
LESSON 4 The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
Turks Move into Byzantium

• Descendants of nomadic Turks; history
of invading other counties
• Saw themselves as ghazis—warriors for
Islam
- Islamic military societies; raided
frontiers of Byzantine Empire
44 Continued…

World History
Osman Establishes a State

• From 1300 to 1326, Osman, successful ghazi,
builds state in Anatolia
• Europeans call him Othman and followers
Ottomans
• Ottomans win battles because they use
muskets and cannons
• Successors expand state through alliances
and land buying
• Orkhan, Osman’s son, declares himself sultan
—overlord
• In 1361, Turks conquer Adrianople
• Ottomans rule fairly45over conquered peoples
World History
Turks
Lesson 4
Move into Byzantium
Osman Establishes
(continued)
a State
• Orkhan, Osman’s son, declares himself sultan—
overlord
• In 1361, Turks conquer Adrianople
• Ottomans rule fairly over conquered peoples
Timur the Lame Halts Expansion

• Timur the Lame—Tamerlane—rises to power in
Central Asia
• Timur defeats Ottomans in 1402, burning
Baghdad
46

World History
Powerful
Lesson 4
Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion
Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople
• Murad II begins expansion
• Murad’s son, Mehmed II, conquers
Constantinople in 1453
• Opens city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims and
rebuilds
Ottomans Take Islam’s Holy Cities
• In 1512, Selim the Grim, Mehmed’s grandson,
comes to power
• He defeats Persian Safavids and pushes into
North Africa
• Conquers Mecca, Medina, and Cairo: important
Muslim cities 47

World History
Lesson 4

• Suleyman the Lawgiver, Selim’s son, rules
from 1520 to 1566
The Empire Reaches Its Limit
• Suleyman conquers Belgrade (1521) and
Rhodes (1522)
• Ottomans control eastern Mediterranean
• Turks take North African coastline, control
inland trade routes
• Suleyman’s forces advance to Vienna
• By 1526, Ottoman Empire is the largest in
the world 48 Continued…

World History
Lesson 4
• Suleyman the Lawgiver, Selim’s son, rules from 1520 to
(continued)
1566
Highly Structured Social Organization
• Suleyman creates law code, reduces bureaucracy,
simplifies taxation
• Army uses devshirme—drafts boys from conquered
lands
• Trains 30,000 elite soldiers—janissaries—loyal only to
the sultan
• Jews and Christians allowed to practice own religion
Cultural Flowering
• Suleyman’s broad interests lead to flourishing of arts,
learning
• Sinan, brilliant architect, designs magnificent Mosque
of Suleyman 49

World History
Lesson 4
The Empire Declines Slowly

• Suleyman kills one son and exiles
another
• Third son inherits throne but rules
weakly
• Later sultans kill their brothers and
leave their sons uneducated
• Long line of weak sultans leads to
empire’s eventual fall
50

World History
Content Check
51

World History
2.5
Essential Question:
Big Idea
The Safavid Empire produced a rich
and complex blended culture in
Persia.
52

World History
Objective Questions
• How did new technology help the Ottomans?

They used muskets and cannons in their
conquests.
• Why do you think the Ottomans were tolerant
of the people they conquered?
To avoid unrest
53

World History
Safavid
Isma’il
shah
Shah Abbas
Esfahan
54

World History
Graphic Organizer
55

World History
LESSON 5 Cultural Blending

CASE STUDY: The Safavid Empire
The Safavid Empire produced a

rich and complex blended culture
in Persia.
56

World History
LESSON 5 Cultural Blending

CASE STUDY: The Safavid Empire
Patterns of Cultural Blending

• Between16th and 18th centuries a Shi’ite Muslim dynasty
ruled Persia
• Safavid Empire—Shi’ite Muslim dynasty from 16th to 18th
centuries
Causes of Cultural Blending
• Changes occur through migration, conquest, trade, or
religion
Results of Cultural Blending
• Changes in language, religion, government, use of
technology
• Racial and ethnic blending, intermarriage
• Cultural styles adapted into
57 arts and architecture Continued…

World History
Lesson 5
CASE STUDY: The Safavid Empire (continued)

The Safavids Build and Empire
• Begins as religious order named for founder
• Safavids concentrate on building powerful
military
Isma’il Conquers Persia
• Fourteen-year-old Isma’il conquers Iran by
1451
• Takes title of shah—king
• Makes Shi’a Islam official religion; kills
Sunnis
• Son, Tahmasp, greatly
58 expands empire Continued…

World History
Lesson 5

(continued)
A New Ruler
• Shah Abbas, or Abbas the Great, took the
throne in 1587.
• Blended aspects of Ottoman, Persian, and
Arab worlds to help create a Safavid culture
and golden age
• Limited power of the military
• Reformed the government
• Proved religious tolerance to European
merchants to encourage
59 trade Continued…

World History
Lesson 5

(continued)
A Flowering of Culture
• New capital built at Esfahan; considered one of the
most beautiful cities in the world.
• Shah Abbas brought in hundreds of Chinese artisans
- Artwork and building decorations blended Chinese
and Persian ideas
• Demand for Persian carpets important result of
Western influence
- carpet weaving transformed from local craft to
national industry
- Shah Abbas sent artists to Italy to study under
Renaissance artist Raphael
60 Continued…

World History
Lesson 5
The Dynasty Declines Quickly

• Abbas kills and blinds his ablest sons
• Safi, Abbas’s incompetent grandson,
leads to empire’s decline
• By 1722, the empire is losing land to
the Ottomans and Afghans
• Nadir Shah Afshar expands the
empire, but it falls apart in 1747
61

World History
Content Check
62

CH 2

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World History

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

• How did land and climate features

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Essential Historical Concepts

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

LESSON 1 The Rise of Islam

Muhammad unified the Arab

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

LESSON 1 The Rise of Islam

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Deserts, Towns, and (continued)

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Muhammad, Prophet of Islam

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Beliefs and Practices of Islam

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Beliefs and Practices

The Five Pillars

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Beliefs and Practices of Islam

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

• How does the conflict over the moving of

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Essential Historical Conceots

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

LESSON 2 Islam Expands

In spite of internal conflicts, the

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

LESSON 2 Islam Expands

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam

Reasons for Success (continued)

• Muslim armies are well disciplined and

Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Control Extends over Three Continents

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Control Extends over Three Continents

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

The Big Idea

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Why do you think religion influenced a person’s class

Essential Historical Concepts

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

LESSON 3 Muslim Culture

Muslims combined and preserved the

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

LESSON 3 Muslim Culture

Muslim Scholarship Extends Knowledge

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Arts and Sciences Flourish

• Persian al-Razi is greatest physician, from 500

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Muslim Agricultural Revolution