Artificial Intelligence in Power Systems

Contents

• Introduction
• Need for AI in Power system
• Artificial Intelligence Techniques
• Expert System Techniques
• Artificial Neural Network
• Genetic Algorithm
• Fuzzy logic
• Applications
• Conclusion
 Power Systems and Artificial Intelligence

• An electric power system is a network of electrical

components used to supply, transmit and use electric power.
Power system engineering deals with the generation,
transmission, distribution and utilization of electric power and
other electrical devices.
• Artificial Intelligence is known to be the intelligence exhibited
by machines and software, for example, robots and computer
programs.
• The term is generally used to the developing systems equipped
with the intellectual processes and characteristics of humans,
like ability to think, reason, find the meaning, etc.
Need for AI in Power Systems

Power system analysis by conventional techniques becomes

more difficult because of:
(a) Complex, versatile and large amount of information which
is used in calculation, diagnosis and learning.
(b) Increase in the computational time period and accuracy due
to extensive and vast system data handling.
Artificial Intelligence Techniques

Three major families of AI techniques are considered to be

applied in modern power system protection
• Expert System Techniques (XPSs),
• Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs),
• Genetic Algorithm(GA)
• Fuzzy logic systems (FL).
 Expert Systems

• An expert system obtains the

knowledge of a human expert in
a narrow specified domain into
a machine implementable form.
• Expert systems are computer
programs which have proficieny
and competence in a particular
field.
• They are also called knowledge
based or rule based systems.
Expert system

 Advantages  Disadvantages
• It is permanent and • Expert Systems are
consistent. unable to learn or
• It can be easily adapt to new
• documented. problems or
• It can be easily situations
transferred or
reproduced.
How XPN used in power system

• Since expert systems are basically computer programs, the

process of writing codes for these programs is simpler than
actually calculating and estimating the value of parameters
used in generation, transmission and distribution.
• Any modifications even after design can be easily done
because they are computer programs.
• Virtually, estimation of these values can be done and further
research for increasing the efficiency of the process can be
also performed.
Artificial Neural Netwoks

Artificial neural network are

biologically inspired systems
which convert a set of inputs
into a set of outputs by a
network of neurons, where
each neuron produces one
output as a function of input.
Artificial Neural Network

 Advantages  Disadvantages
• Speed of processing. • Large dimensionality.
• They do not need any • Results are always
appropriate knowledge generated even if the input
of the system model. data are unreasonable.
• They have the ability to • They are not scalable i.e.
handle situations of once an ANN is trained to
incomplete data and do certain task, it is difficult
information, corrupt to extend for other tasks
data. without retraining the
• They are fault tolerant. neural network ages
• ANNs are fast and
robust
How ANN can be used in power sytem
• Evaluation of real world problems like the problem in
transmission, generation and distribution is fed to the ANN so
that suitable solutions can be obtained.
• For example, the value of inductance, capacitance and resistance
in a transmission line can be numerically calculated by ANNs
taking in various factors like environmental factors, unbalancing
conditions, and other possible problems.
GENETIC ALGORITHM
• Genetic algorithm is an optimization technique based on the
study of natural selection and natural genetics.
• Its basic principle is that the fitnest individual of a population
has the highest probability and possibility for survival.
• Genetic algorithm gives a global technique based on
biological metaphors.
• Its components are
1. Selection
2. Crossover
3. Mutation
4. Result
Advantages of GA over traditional techniques

 It needs only rough information of the objective function and puts

no restriction such as differentiability and convexity on the
objective function.
 The method works with a set of solutions from one generation to
the next, and not a single solution, thus making it less likely to
converge on local minima.
 The solutions developed are randomly based on the probability
rate of the genetic operators such as mutation and crossover as the
initial solutions would not dictate the search direction of GA.
 Major disadvantage of GA method is that it requires tremendously
high computational time in case of the large variables and
constraints. The treatment of equality constraints is also not well
established in the power systems. GA has been widely used in the
power system
How GA can be used in power systems:
• First, different possible solutions to a problem are generated.
They are tested for their performance, that is, how good a
solution they provide. A fraction of the good solutions is
selected, and the others are eliminated (survival of the fittest).
• Then the selected solutions undergo the processes of
reproduction, crossover, and mutation to create a new generation
of possible solutions, which is expected to perform better than
the previous generation.
• Finally, production and evaluation of new generations is
repeated until convergence.
 Fuzzy Logic

Fuzzy logic is the way in

which human brain works, and
we can use this technology in
machines so that they can
perform somewhat like
humans.
It provides expressive power
and higher capability to model
complex problems.
How FL can be used in power system
• Fuzzy logic can be used for designing the physical
components of power systems.
• They can be used in anything from small circuits to large
mainframes.

• They can be used to increase the efficiency of the components

used in power systems.

• As most of the data used in power system analysis are

approximate values and assumptions, fuzzy logic can be of
great use to derive a stable, exact and ambiguity-free output.
Practical application in transmission
line
How it works
• If any fault occurs in the transmission line, the fault
detector detects the fault and feeds it to the fuzzy
system. Only three line currents are sufficient to
implement this technique and the angular difference
between fault and pre-fault current phasors are used as
inputs to the fuzzy system. Fuzzy systems can be
generally used for fault diagnosis.
• Artificial Neural Networks and Expert systems can be
used to improve the performance of the line. The
environmental sensors sense the environmental and
atmospheric conditions and give them as input to the
expert systems. The expert systems are computer
programs which provide the value of line parameters
to be deployed as the output.
 Conclusion

• The main feature of power system design and planning is

reliability. Conventional techniques don't fulfill the
probabilistic essence of power systems.This leads to increase
in operating and maintenance costs.Plenty of research is
performed to utilize the current interest on Artificial
Intelligence for power system applications.
• A lot of research is yet to be performed to perceive full
advantages of this upcoming technology for improving the
efficiency of electricity market, investment and particularly
power systems which use renewable energy resources for
operation.
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