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Rates of Reaction

Mrs. Coyle
How fast does aging occur?

http://www.ging-strategie.de/Anti%20Aging%20Strategie.JPG
How fast does the candle burn?

http://images.usatoday.com/tech/_photos/2006/03/28/aprilfig1.jpg
Reaction Rate
The speed with which products form from
the reactants.
Exo- and Endothermic Reactions
Exothermic reaction: reaction gives off energy.

reactants products + energy

Endothermic reaction: reaction takes in energy.

energy + reactants products


Bonds and Energy
When bonds are broken: energy is absorbed.
(analogy: stretching a rubber band)

When bonds are formed : energy is released.


(analogy: releasing a stretched rubber band)
Average bond energies, kcal/mole
C-H 98
O-H 110
C-C 80
C-O 78
H-H 103
C-N 65
O=O 116 (2 x 58)
C=O 187* (2 x 93.5)
C=C 145 (2 x 72.5)
(* as found in CO2)
Ex: Exothermic
• H2 + Cl2  2 HCl + 183 kJ/mol
Ex: Endothermic
2HgO + 181.7 kJ  2Hg + O2
Net Energy Change
DH= Potential Energy of Products
-Potential Energy of Reactants

DH <0 exothermic

DH >0 endothermic
Collision Theory of Reactions

http://staff.um.edu.mt/jgri1/teaching/che2372/notes/10/10_19.gif
Activation Energy
• Minimum amount of kinetic energy the
reactants must have in order to react.

• The particles form an activated


complex (transition state) that is an
unstable arrangement of atoms that lasts a
few moments. Then the products are
formed.
Analogy

http://www.800mainstreet.com/7/0007-004-reac_rate2.htm
Potential Energy vs Time
(Exothermic)

Heat of
Reaction DH

Time
http://staff.um.edu.mt/jgri1/teaching/che2372/notes/10/theory.html
Energy vs Time (Endothermic)

Activation
Energy Heat of
Reaction DH
Reaction Rates are affected by:

• Concentration
• Temperature
• Catalyst
• Surface Area (Particle Size)
• Mixing (Stirring)
Concentration Effect on Reaction
Rates
The more concentrated, the higher the reaction rate.
Why?

http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/f/ff/525px-Molecular-collisions.jpg
Temperature Effect on Reaction
Rates

The higher the temperature, the faster the rate.

Why?
Catalyst Effect on Reaction Rates
A catalyst lowers the activation energy, thus the
reaction proceeds faster.
Particle Size (Surface Area)
• The smaller the particle size the faster the
rate.
Inhibitors
• Substances that negate the effect of the
catalyst.

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