Aem Unit 3

Unit-3A
Differential Equations of
First Order
2130002 – Advanced Engineering Mathematics
Humanities & Science

Department
A.E.M.(2130002) Darshan Institute of engineering & Technology
Introduction
 Let
Differentiate both the sides w.r.to
Differentiate again both the sides w.r.to
Continuing this process we can find order derivative of the given

function.
A.E.M.(2130002) Darshan Institute of engineering & Technology 2

Definitions
 Differential Equation
An eqn. which involves differential co-efficient is called a
Differential Equation.
Types of Differential Equations
Ordinary Differential Partial Differential

Equation Equation

 Ordinary differential Equation
An eqn. which involves function of single variable and ordinary
derivatives of that function then it is called an Ordinary
e.g.

 Partial Differential Equation
An eqn. which involves function of two or more variables and
partial derivatives of that function then it is called a Partial

Order of DE
 Order of DE
The order of highest derivative which appeared in a differential
equation is “Order of D.E”.
has order 1.

Degree of DE
 Degree of DE
When a D.E. is in a polynomial form of derivatives, the highest
power of highest order derivative occurring in D.E. is called a
“Degree of D.E.”.
has degree 2.

M-1 Examples on Order and Degree

Ex.1 Find order and degree of
Solution:

Here,
Taking Fourth power both the sides,
In above differential equation the order of highest derivative is
Now, DE is in polynomial form and highest power of the highest
derivative is 4
Therefore, Order is 2 and Degree is 4.

Solution:

Here,
In above differential equation the order of highest derivative is but

the DE is not in polynomial form. So, degree of the given DE is
undefined.
Therefore, Order is 2 and degree is undefined.

Types of solution
 General solution
A solution of a differential equation in which the number of
arbitrary constants is equal to the order of the differential
equation, is called the General solution or complete integral or
complete primitive.
 Particular solution
The solution obtained from the general solution by giving a particular
value to the arbitrary constants is called a particular solution.

Linear and Nonlinear DE
 A differential equation is called “LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION” if the dependent variable and every derivatives in
the equation occurs in the first degree only and they should not
be multiplied together. Otherwise it is known as “NONLINEAR
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION”
e.g. is linear.
is non-linear.

Types of First Order and First Degree DE
 Variable Separable Equation
 Homogeneous Differential Equation
 Linear(Leibnitz’s) Differential Equation
 Bernoulli’s Equation
 Exact Differential Equation

Variable Separable Method
If
 a differential equation of type can be converted into , then it is
known as a Variable Separable Equation.
The general solution of a Variable Separable Equation is
Where, c is an arbitrary constant.
 Note:
For convenience, the arbitrary constant can be chosen in any

suitable form. e. g. etc.

M-2 Examples on Variable Separable
DE

Solution:

Here,
Integrate both the sides,



Solution:
 Here,

Now,

Here,
Therefore, the solution is

Solution:

Here,



Reducible to variable separable Eq.
 If a differential equation of type can be converted into then it
can be converted into variable separable equation by taking & .

Solution:

Here,
Let,
Differentiate above equation both the sides, w.r.to

Ex.13 Solve
Dividing above equation both the sides by
Therefore, by eq.

Ex.13 Solve


Leibnitz’s (linear) Equation
Form - 1 Form -2
Form of DE
Integrating
Integrating
factor
factor
Solution
Solution

M-3 Examples on Liebnitz’s DE

Solution:

Comparing it with
We have,
Now,

I.F.

The general solution is,

Solution:

Dividing it by
Comparing it with
We have,


I.F.

The
 general solution is,


Solution:
Comparing it with
We have,

I.F.




Bernoulli’s Differential Equation
A differential equation of the form

is known as Bernoulli’s Differential

OR Equation.
Here, is real number
This type of differential equation can be converted into

linear differential equation.

Process to reduce the Bernoulli’s DE into Linear DE
Case-1

Dividing both sides of equation by,
Let

Process to reduce the Bernoulli’s DE into
Linear DE

Then from equation
which is a linear DE

Process to reduce the Bernoulli’s DE into Linear
DE
Case-2

A differential of the form
Dividing both sides of equation by

Process to reduce the Bernoulli’s DE into
Linear DE
Let

Differentiate with respect to both the sides,
Equation becomes Linear Differential equation.

M-4 Examples on Bernoulli’s D

Ex.3
Solution:

Divide the above equation both the sides by

Ex.3
Let

Now, from equation


Which is a linear differential equation.
Now, compare the above equation with

Ex.3

Ex.3
Which is required solution.

Ex.5 Solve
Solution:

Divide both the sides by

Ex.5 Solve
Let

Now, from equation

Now, compare this equation with

Ex.5 Solve

I.F.=

Ex.5 Solve
The
Which is required solution.

Ex.7
Solution:

Divide both the sides by
Let

Ex.7
Now,
 from equation

Now, compare this equation with

Ex.7

Now,

Ex.7
The

Exact Differential Equation
 A differential equation of the form is said to be Exact Differential
Equation if it can be derived from its primitive by direct
differential without any further transformation such as
elimination etc.
 Necessary and Sufficient Condition:
 The general solution of Exact Differential Equation is

M-5 Examples on Exact DE

Solution:

Compare the given equation with
Therefore, we get that
Now, differentiate and w.r.to and respectively.

Therefore,
 the given differential equation is Exact.
The general solution is

Ex.8 Solve

Solution:
Here,

Ex.8 Solve

Here,
Therefore, the given differential equation is Exact.

Ex.8 Solve
The
 general solution is

Ex.10 Solve
Solution:


Ex.10 Solve
Therefore,

Non Exact Differential Equation
 A differential equation which is not exact differential equation is
known as Non-Exact Differential Equation.
 i.e.
 We reduce the non-exact differential equation into exact

differential equation by multiplying it with I.F.

Standard rules for finding I.F.
Condition Type of equation I.F.
Homogeneous
Non
Homogeneous

Non Exact Differential Equation
 Now , multiply I.F. with the given differential equation to get new
M and N.
 Therefore, the general solution is
Where, c is any constant.

Homogeneous Differential Equation
Homogeneous DE

A differential equation is called homogeneous
differential equation if each term has same degree.
E.g.
Here, each term is of degree 2
Therefore, this diff. equation is homogeneous.

Non-Homogeneous Differential Equation
When the function is not homogeneous, it is called non-

homogeneous function.
E.g.
Here, each term doesn’t have same degree
Therefore, this diff. equation is Non-homogeneous.

M-6 Examples on Non-Exact DE

Ex.2 Solve
Solution:


Ex.2 Solve
 Here, the given differential equation is homogenous as each term
is of order 3.
 Therefore,

Ex.2 Solve
 Now, multiply I.F. with the given differential equation to reduce it
into exact form.
Therefore,

Ex.2 Solve
Therefore,

Ex.5 Solve
Solution:


Ex.5 Solve
 Here, the given differential equation is non-homogenous and it is
of the form
 Therefore,

Ex.5 Solve
into exact form.
Therefore,

Ex.5 Solve
Therefore,

Ex.9 Solve
Solution:


Ex.9 Solve
 Here, the given differential equation is non-homogenous.
 Here,
Therefore,

Ex.9 Solve
into exact form.
Therefore,
Therefore, the given differential equation is Exact.

Ex.9 Solve
The

Ex.10
Solution:


Ex.10
 Here, the given differential equation is non-homogenous.
 Here,
Therefore,

Ex.10
into exact form.
Therefore,
Now, the given differential equation is Exact.

Ex.10
The

Orthogonal Trajectory
 Trajectory
A Curve which cuts every member of a given family of curves
according to some definite rule is called trajectory.
 Orthogonal Trajectory
A curve which cuts every member of a given family at right
angles is a called an Orthogonal Trajectory.

Method for finding Orthogonal trajectory of
1. Differentiate w.r.t. x.

2. Eliminate by using and its derivative.
3. Replace by . This will give you differential equation of
the orthogonal trajectories.
4. Solve the differential equation to get the equation of

M-7 Examples on Orthogonal Trajectory

Ex.1 Find orthogonal trajectories of
Solution:

Here,
Now, differentiate both the sides w.r.to

Ex.1 Find orthogonal trajectories of


Method for finding Orthogonal trajectory of
1. Differentiate w.r.t. .

2. Eliminate c by using eqn …(1) and its derivative
3. Replace by . This will give you differential eqn of the
orthogonal trajectories.
4. Solve the differential equation to get the equation of

Ex.4 Find Orthogonal trajectories of
Solution:

Here,
Differentiate both the sides w.r.to

Ex.4 Find Orthogonal trajectories of

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Unit-3A

Humanities & Science

Differentiate both the sides w.r.to

Differentiate again both the sides w.r.to

Continuing this process we can find order derivative of the given

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Types of Differential Equations

Ordinary Differential Partial Differential

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In above differential equation the order of highest derivative is

Now, DE is in polynomial form and highest power of the highest

Therefore, Order is 2 and Degree is 4.

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In above differential equation the order of highest derivative is but

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A solution of a differential equation in which the number of

arbitrary constants is equal to the order of the differential

equation, is called the General solution or complete integral or

The solution obtained from the general solution by giving a particular

value to the arbitrary constants is called a particular solution.

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EQUATION” if the dependent variable and every derivatives in

be multiplied together. Otherwise it is known as “NONLINEAR

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 Homogeneous Differential Equation

 Linear(Leibnitz’s) Differential Equation

 Exact Differential Equation

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The general solution of a Variable Separable Equation is

Where, c is an arbitrary constant.

For convenience, the arbitrary constant can be chosen in any

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Integrate both the sides,

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Integrate both the sides,

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Therefore, the solution is

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Integrate both the sides,

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Differentiate above equation both the sides, w.r.to

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Dividing above equation both the sides by

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The general solution is,

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