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Çengel

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CHAPTER

6
Thermodynamics

Entropy:
A Measure
of Disorder

Third Edition

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6-1
System Considered in the
Development of Claussius inequity

Çengel
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Thermodynamics

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6-2
The Entropy Change Between
Two Specific States
The entropy change between two specific states is the
same whether the process is reversible or irreversible

(Fig. 6-3)
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Thermodynamics

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6-3
The Entropy Change of an Isolated
System
The entropy change of an isolated system is the sum of the entropy changes
of its components, and is never less than zero

Çengel
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Thermodynamics

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6-4
The Entropy Change of a Pure
Substance
The entropy of a pure substance is determined from the tables, just as for
any other property

(Fig. 6-10)
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Thermodynamics

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6-5
Schematic of the T-s Diagram
for Water

(Fig. 6-11)
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Thermodynamics

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6-6
System Entropy Constant During
Reversible, adiabatic (isentropic) Process

(Fig.6-14)
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Thermodynamics

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6-7
Level of Molecular Disorder
(Entropy)
The level of molecular disorder (entropy) of a substance
increases as it melts and evaporates

(Fig. 6-16)
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Thermodynamics

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6-8
Net Disorder (Entropy) Increases
During Heat Transfer
During a heat transfer process, the net disorder (entropy) increases (the
increase in the disorder of the cold body more than offsets the decrease in
the disorder in the hot body)

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Thermodynamics

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6-9
Heat Transfer for Internally
Reversible Processes
On a T-S diagram, the area under the process curve represents the
heat transfer for internally reversible processes

(Fig. 6-23)
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Thermodynamics

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6-11
h-s Diagram for Adiabatic Steady-
Flow Devices
For adiabatic steady-flow devices, the vertical distance ²h on an h-s
diagram is a measure of work, and the horizontal distance ²s is a
measure of irreversibilities

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Thermodynamics

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6-10
Schematic of an h-s Diagram for
Water

(Fig. 6-27)
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Thermodynamics

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6-12
Entropy of an Ideal Gas
The entropy of an ideal gas depends on both T and P. The function
s° represents only the temperature-dependent part of entropy

(Fig. 6-33)
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Thermodynamics

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6-13
The Isentropic Relations of Ideal
Gases
The isentropic relations of ideal gases
are valid for the isentropic processes of ideal gases only

(Fig. 6-36)
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Thermodynamics

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6-14
Using Pr data to Calculate Final
Temperature During Isentropic Processes
The T-ebow of an ordinary shower serves as the mixing chamber
for hot- and cold-water streams.

(Fig. 6-37)
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Thermodynamics

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6-15
Reversible Work Relations for
Steady-Flow and Closed Systems

(Fig. 6-41)
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Thermodynamics

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6-16
P-v Diagrams of Isentropic, Polytropic,
and Isothermal Compression Processes
P-v Diagrams of isentropic, polytropic, and isothermal compression
processes between the same pressure limits

(Fig. 6-45)
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Thermodynamics

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6-17
P-v andT-s Diagrams for a Two-Stage
Steady-Flow Compression Process

(Fig. 6-46)
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Thermodynamics

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6-18
The h-s Diagram for the Actual and
Isentropic Processes of an Adiabatic Turbine

(Fig. 6-59)
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Thermodynamics

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6-19
The h-s Diagram of the Actual and Isentropic
Processes of an Adiabatic Compressor

(Fig. 6-61)
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Thermodynamics

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6-20
The h-s Diagram of the Actual and
Isentropic Processes of an Adiabatic Nozzle

(Fig. 6-64)
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Thermodynamics

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6-21
Mechanisms of Entropy Transfer
for a General System

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Thermodynamics

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6-22
A Control Volume’s Entropy Changes
with MassFlow as well as Heat Flow

(Fig. 6-73)
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Thermodynamics

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6-23
Entropy Generation During Heat
Transfer
Graphical representation of entropy generation during a heat
transfer process through a finite temperature difference

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Thermodynamics

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6-24
Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

• The second law of thermodynamics leads to the


definition of a new property called entropy, which
is a quantitative measure of microscopic disorder
for a system.

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6-25
Chapter Summary

• The definition of entropy is based on the Clausius


Çengel inequality, given by
Boles
Thermodynamics

where the equality holds for internally or totally


reversible processes and the inequality for
irreversible processes.
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6-26
Chapter Summary

Çengel • Any quantity whose cyclic integral is zero is a


Boles property, and entropy is defined as
Thermodynamics

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6-27
Chapter Summary

Çengel • For the special case of an internally reversible,


Boles
isothermal process, it gives
Thermodynamics

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6-28
Chapter Summary

• The inequality part of the Clausius inequality


Çengel combined with the definition of entropy yields an
Boles
inequality known as the increase of entropy
Thermodynamics

principle, expressed as

where Sgen is the entropy generated during the


process.

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6-29
Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles
• Entropy change is caused by heat transfer, mass
Thermodynamics

flow, and irreversibilities. Heat transfer to a


system increases the entropy, and heat transfer
from a system decreases it. The effect of
irreversibilities is always to increase the entropy.

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6-30
Chapter Summary

• Entropy is a property, and it can be expressed in


Çengel
Boles terms of more familiar properties through the Tds
Thermodynamics

relations, expressed as

Tds = du +Pdv
and

Tds = dh - vdP

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6-31
Chapter Summary

Çengel • These two relations have many uses in


Boles
thermodynamics and serve as the starting point in
Thermodynamics

developing entropy-change relations for


processes. The successful use of Tds relations
depends on the availability of property relations.
Such relations do not exist for a general pure
substance but are available for incompressible
substances (solids, liquids) and ideal gases.

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6-32
Chapter Summary
• The entropy-change and isentropic relations for a
process can be summarized as follows:
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

1. Pure substances:

Any process: s = s2 - s1 [kJ/(kg-K)]

Isentropic process: s2 = s1

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6-33
Chapter Summary
• The entropy-change and isentropic relations for a
process can be summarized as follows:
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

2. Incompressible substances:

T2
Any process: s2 - s1 = Cav 1n T [kJ/(kg-K)]
1

Isentropic process: T2 = T1

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6-34
Chapter Summary
• The entropy-change and isentropic relations for a
process can be summarized as follows:
Çengel 3. Ideal gases:
Boles
Thermodynamics

a. Constant specific heats (approximate


treatment):
Any process:
T2 v2
s2 - s1 = Cv,av 1n T + R1n v [kJ/(kg-K)]
1 1

and
T2 P2
s2 - s1 = Cp,av 1n T + R1n P [kJ/(kg-K)]
1 1
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6-35
Chapter Summary
• The entropy-change and isentropic relations for a
process can be summarized as follows:
Çengel 3. Ideal gases:
Boles
Thermodynamics

a. Constant specific heats (approximate


treatment):
On a unit-mole basis,
T2 v2
s2 - s1 = Cv,av 1n T + Ru1n v [kJ/(kmol-K)]
1 1

and
T2 P2
s2 - s1 = Cp,av 1n T + Ru1n P [kJ/(kmol-K)]
1 1
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6-36
Chapter Summary
3. Ideal gases:
a. Constant specific heats (approximate treatment):
Isentropic process:
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

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6-37
Chapter Summary
• The entropy-change and isentropic relations for a
process can be summarized as follows:
Çengel 3. Ideal gases:
Boles
Thermodynamics

b. Variable specific heats (exact treatment):

Any process,
P2
s2 - s1 = s2o - s1o - R1n [kJ/(kg-K)]
P1
or
o o P2
s2 - s1 = s2 - s1 - Ru1n [kJ/(kmol-K)]
P1
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6-38
Chapter Summary
3. Ideal gases:
b. Variable specific heats (exact treatment):
Isentropic process,
Çengel P
Boles s2o = s1o - R1n 2 [kJ/(kg-K)]
P1
Thermodynamics

where Pr is the relative pressure and vr is the


relative specific volume. The function so
Third Edition
depends on temperature only.
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6-39
Chapter Summary

• The steady-flow work for a reversible process can


Çengel
Boles be expressed in terms of the fluid properties as
Thermodynamics

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6-40
Chapter Summary

Çengel
• For incompressible substances (v = constant)
Boles steady-flow work for a reversible process
Thermodynamics

simplifies to

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6-41
Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles • The work done during a steady-flow process is
Thermodynamics

proportional to the specific volume. Therefore,


v should be kept as small as possible during a
compression process to minimize the work input
and as large as possible during an expansion
process to maximize the work output.

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6-42
Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles • The reversible work inputs to a compressor
Thermodynamics

compressing an ideal gas from T1, P1, to P2 in an


isentropic (Pvk = constant), polytropic (Pvn = con-
stant), or isothermal (Pv = constant) manner, are
determined by integration for each case with the
following results:

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6-43
Chapter Summary

• Isentropic:
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

(kJ/kg)

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6-44
Chapter Summary

• Polytropic:
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

(kJ/kg)

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6-45
Chapter Summary

• Isothermal:
Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

(kJ/kg)

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6-46
Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

• The work input to a compressor can be reduced


by using multistage compression with
intercooling. For maximum savings from the work
input, the pressure ratio across each stage of the
compressor must be the same.

Third Edition

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6-47
Chapter Summary

Çengel
Boles
Thermodynamics

• Most steady-flow devices operate under adiabatic


conditions, and the ideal process for these
devices is the isentropic process.

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6-48
Chapter Summary
• The parameter that describes how efficiently a device
approximates a corresponding isentropic device is
called isentropic or adiabatic efficiency. It is expressed
for turbines, compressors, and nozzles as follows:
Çengel
Boles
Actual turbine work wa ~ h1 - h2a
= = =
Isentropic turbine work ws h1 - h2s
Thermodynamics

Isentropic compressor work ws ~ h2s - h1


= = =
Actual compressor work wa h2a - h1
2
Actual KE at nozzle exit V2a ~ h1 - h2a
= = 2 =
Isentropic KE at nozzle exit V2s h1 - h2s
In the relations above, h2a and h2s are the enthalpy
values at the exit state for actual and isentropic
processes, respectively.
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6-49
Chapter Summary

• The entropy balance for any system undergoing


Çengel any process can be expressed in the general form
Boles
as
Thermodynamics

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6-50
Chapter Summary

• The entropy balance for any system undergoing


Çengel any process can be expressed in the general rate
Boles
form, as
Thermodynamics

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6-51
Chapter Summary

• For a general steady-flow process the entropy


Çengel
Boles
balance simplifies to
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

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