C Programming Language

Key Terms
 Program – an organized list of instructions that, when executed
causes the computer to behave in a predetermined manner.

 Programming Language – is vocabulary and set of grammatical

rules for instructing a computer or computing device to perform
specific tasks.

2 Elements of Programming Language

 Syntax - refers to the rules that specify the correct combined sequence used to
form a correctly structured program using a given programming language.

 Semantics - is a term for the ways that data and commands are presented.
 Key Terms
 Programming – is the implementation of logic to facilitate specified
computing operations and functionality.
 Programming language semantics and syntax are used when constructing
a program.

 Requires knowledge of application domains, algorithms and programming

language expertise.

 Compiler - is a special program that processes statements written

in a particular programming language and turns them into machine
language or "code" that a computer's processor uses.
 Key Terms
 Integrated Development Environment (IDE) –

A graphical user interface (GUI)-based workbench designed to aid a

programmer/developer in building software applications or programs with
an integrated environment combined with all the required tools at hand.
 Lists of Programming Languages
 JavaScript

 Python

 Java

 C / C++

 PHP

 Swift

 C#

 Ruby

 Objective – C

 SQL
 What is C Language?
 is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative computer programming
language developed in 1972 by Dennis M. Ritchie, an American
computer scientist at the Bell Telephone Laboratories to develop the
UNIX operating system.

 It is known as middle level language because it has the power of a

lower level language and easy syntax like high level language.
 What is C Language?
 High Level Language (HLL) - is any programming language that
enables development of a program in a much more user-friendly
programming context and is generally independent of the computer's
hardware architecture. They are referred to as "closer to humans.“

 Low Level Language - is a programming language that deals with a

computer's hardware components and constraints. It is referred as a
computer native language.
 Why Learn C Language?
 C is a Middle-Level Language - The middle-level languages are
somewhere between the Low-level machine understandable assembly
languages and High-Level user friendly languages.

 Helps to understand the fundamentals of Computer Theories

 Fewer Libraries - C programming language has fewer libraries in

comparison with other high-level languages.
 Library – is a collection of precompiled routines that a program can use.

 Execution Time

 Embedded Programming
 IDE Setup
Turbo C
 Optional IDE
Code Blocks
 Environment Setup
 Turbo C - is an integrated development environment (IDE) and
compiler for programming in the C language. A tool for writing
programs in the C programming Language.

 It was developed by Borland Software Corporation and first

introduced in 1987.
 Structure of C Programs
A C program basically consists of the following parts :

 Preprocessor Commands / Header Files

 Functions

 Variables

 Statements & Expressions

 Comments
 Structure of C Programs
A simple code that would print the words “Hello World”.
 Structure of C Programs
Let us take a look at the various parts of the above program:
 The first line of the program #include <stdio.h> is a preprocessor command or
header files, which tells a C compiler to include stdio.h file before going to actual
compilation.

 The next line int main() is the main function where the program execution begins.

 The next line /*...*/ will be ignored by the compiler and it has been put to add
additional comments in the program. So such lines are called comments in the
program.

 The next line printf(...) is another function available in C which causes the message
"Hello, World!" to be displayed on the screen.

 The next line return 0; terminates the main() function and returns the value 0.
 Header Files
 The files that are specified in the include section is called as
Preprocessor Command or commonly known as Header Files.

 These are precompiled files that has some functions defined in them.

 Header File is given a file extension of .h

 C Programs or source files is given a file extension of .c

 Main Function

 This is the “Starting Point” of a program.

 When the file is executed, the start point is the

main function.

 Main function is compulsory for any C program.

 Comments

 Comments are like helping text in your C

program and they are ignored by the compiler.
2 Types of Comments
 Single Line Comments (//)

 Multi Line Comments (/* */)

 Functions
 Functions - is a block of code that performs a specific task.

2 Types of Functions
1. Standard Library Functions
The standard library functions are built-in functions in C programming. These

functions are defined in header files. For example,

 The printf(..) is a standard library function to send formatted output to the

screen (display output on the screen). This function is defined in the stdio.h
header file.

 Hence, to use the printf(..) function, we need to include the stdio.h header file
using #include <stdio.h>.
 Functions
2. User – Defined Functions

Functions which are defined by the user at the time of writing

program. These functions are made for code reusability and for

saving time and space.

 Return Function

 This is the “Ending Point” of a program.

 Compile & Execute C Programs
1. Write a C program
 Compile & Execute C Programs
2. Save the program using F2 or File > Save in the menu bar. The file
extension should be “.c” Ex. HelloWord.c
 Compile & Execute C Programs
3. Compile the program using Alt + F9 or Compile > Compile in the
menu bar.
 Compile & Execute C Programs
4. Press CTRL + F9 to run the program or Select Run > Run in the
menu bar.
 Compile & Execute C Programs
5. Press ALT + F5 to view the output of the program at the screen.
 Reference
 Tutorialspoint.com – C Programming Language
 Introduction to C Programming Language – Sanjay Joshi (Slideshare)