Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Information Gathering:
Unobtrusive Methods
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Learning Objectives
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Unobtrusive Methods
• Less disruptive
• Insufficient when used alone
• Multiple methods approach
• Used in conjunction with interactive
methods
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Major Topics
• Sampling
• Quantitative document analysis
• Qualitative document analysis
• Observation
• STROBE
• Applying STROBE
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Sampling
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Need for Sampling
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Need for Sampling
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Sampling
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Sampling Effectiveness
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Four Main Types of Samples the
Analyst Has Available (Figure 5.1)
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Four Main Types of Samples
• Convenience
• Purposive
• Simple random
• Complex random
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Convenience Samples
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Purposive Sample
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Complex Random Samples
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The Sample Size Decision
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A Table of Area under a Normal Curve Can Be Used to
Look up a Value Once the Systems Analyst Decides on
the Confidence Level (Figure 5.2)
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Calculate the Standard Error of
the Proportion
sp = i/z
i = interval estimate
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Determine the Sample Size
p(1-p)
n= +1
σp 2
σp = standard error
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Example: A. Sembly Company
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Investigation
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Analyzing Quantitative Documents
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Reports Used for Decision Making
• Sales reports
• Production reports
• Summary reports
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A Performance Report Showing
Improvement (Figure 5.3)
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A Manually Completed Payment
Record (Figure 5.4)
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Records
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Data Capture Forms
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Questions to Ask about Official and Bootleg
Forms that Are Already Filled out (Figure 5.5)
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Questions to Ask About Forms
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Analyzing Qualitative
Documents
• Key or guiding metaphors
• Insiders vs. outsiders mentality
• What is considered good vs. evil
• Graphics, logos, and icons in common
areas or web pages
• A sense of humor
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Analyzing Qualitative
Documents
• Email messages and memos
• Signs or posters on bulletin boards
• Corporate websites
• Manuals
• Policy handbooks
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Analysis of Memos Provides Insight into the
Metaphors that Guide the Organization’s
Thinking (Figure 5.6)
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Observation
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Analyst’s Playscript
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A Sample Page
from the Analyst’s
Playscript (Figure 5.7)
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STROBE
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STROBE
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STROBE Elements
• Office location
• Desk placement
• Stationary equipment
• Props
• External information sources
• Office lighting and color
• Clothing worn by decision makers
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Office Location
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Desk Placement
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Stationary Office Equipment
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Props
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External Information Sources
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Office Lighting and Color
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Clothing
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STROBE and Decision-Maker
Characteristics (Figure 5.9)
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Applying STROBE
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An Anecdotal List with Symbols
(Figure 5.10)
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Summary
• Sampling
• Designing a good sample
• Types of samples
• Sample size
• Hard data
• Quantitative document analysis
• Qualitative document analysis
• Observation
• Playscript
• STROBE
• STROBE elements
• Applying STROBE
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Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Prentice Hall
5-51