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y x 1 3 y sin x
and
y x 1 3 y sin x
and
y x 1 3
is an example of a sin x isfunction
ymany-to-one an example of a
one-to-one function
3. Equation
1. Set notation
(a) S = { ( 0, 0) , ( 1, 2 ) , ( 2, 4 ), ( 3, 6) } or
(b) S = { (x , y) such that y = 2x, x = 0, 1, 2, 3 }
2. Tabular form
x 0 1 2 3
y 0 2 4 6
4. Graph 5. Mapping
y x y
5
4 ●
3 0
0
2 ●
1 2
1
● x 2 4
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-1 1 2 3 4 5
3 6
-2
-3
-4
-5
5.
E x , y | y 2 x 4
Differential Calculus: Functions, Domain and Range
SOLUTIONS:
1. A is a function.
There are more than one element as the first
component of the ordered pair with the same
second component namely (-1, -1) and (-4, -1),
called a many-to-one correspondence. One-to-
many correspondence is a not function but
many-to-one correspondence is a function.
2. B is a not a function.
There exists one-to-many correspondence
namely, (2, a), (2, -a) and (2, 2a).
Differential Calculus: Functions, Domain and Range
3. C is not a function.
There exists a one-to-many correspondence in
C such as (1, 1) and (1, -1), (4, 2) and (4, -2),
(9, 3) and (9, -3), etc.
4. D is a function.
The ordered pairs with negative values in solution
c above are no longer elements of C since a and b
are given as positive integers. Therefore, one-to-
many correspondence does not exist anymore in
set D.
5. E is not a function
Because for every value of x, y will have two
values.
Differential Calculus: Functions, Domain and Range
OTHER EXAMPLES:
Determine whether or not each of the following
sets represents a function:
a) S = { ( 4, 7 ), ( 5, 8 ), ( 6, 9 ), ( 7, 10 ), ( 8, 11 ) }
b) S = { ( x , y ) s. t. y = | x | ; x R }
c) y=x2 –5
d) |y|= x
2x
e) y x 2
f) y x 1
3. If h ( x ) = x 2 + 5 , find h ( x + 1 ).
8. If f ( x, y ) x 3
4 xy 2
y 3
, show that f (ax, ay) a 3 f ( x, y)
uv
, find f , f u, v
1 1
9. If f (u , v)
uv u v
Answer :
5. y x 1 D: all real nos. > –1
R: all real nos. > 0
D : [1,) R : [0,)
Answer:
3x
6. y D: all real nos. <3
x3 R: all real nos. <0
D : (,3) R : ,0
Differential Calculus: Functions, Domain and Range
From the above examples, you can draw conclusions and
formulate the following theorems on the domain
determination of functions.
Theorem 1. The domain of a polynomial function is the set
of all real numbers or (-, +).
Theorem 2. The domain of n f ( x ) is the set of all real
numbers satisfying the inequality f(x) 0 if n is even integer
and the set of all real numbers if n is odd integer.
Theorem 3. A rational function f is a ratio of two polynomials:
The domain of a rational function consists of all values of x
such that the denominator is not equal to zero
P( x )
f(x)
Q( x )
where P and Q are polynomials.
Differential Calculus: Functions, Domain and Range
KINDS OF FUNCTIONS:
1.An algebraic function is the result when the
constant function, (f(x) = k, k is constant) and the
identity function (g(x) = x) are put together by
using a combination of any four operations, that is,
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and
raising to powers and extraction of roots.
x
Example: f(x) = 5x – 4, g( x ) 2
2x 7 x 4
2. (x, y) y 3x 7. y = 25 – x 2
3. ( x, y) y x 9 8. y = (x 2 – 3) 2
3x 3x 5
4. ( x, y ) y
9. y
x
2 x
x 2 25
5. (x, y) y x 2
3x 4 10. y
x5