Arquitectura naval

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• To understand the virtual loss of GM and

the calculations.

• To calculate the maximum trim allowed

to maintain a minimum stated GM.

• To understand the safe requirements for

a ship prior enter into dry dock.

• To understand the critical period during

dry docking process.
Before enter into dry dock, vessel must have…

• Positive initial GM (GM fluid)

• Upright
• Trim - if possible even-keel or
slight trim by stern
• Double bottom tank kept either dry
or pressed up - reduced FSE
• If initial GM is small - D.B. tank to
be pressed up to increase GM
When coming into Dry Dock:

• The vessel will line-up with her

centerline vertically over the keel
blocks

• Dock gate will be closed and

commence pumping out water
 F

No effect on ship’s Initial Stability…

When coming into Dry Dock:

• The rate of pumping will be

reduced as the ship's sternpost
near the block.
 Sueing Point

Commence touching the ground… ‘Sueing Point’

When coming into Dry Dock:

• Once the sternpost is touching the

block, the UP-THRUST forces start
to act against the sternpost.

• At this moment part of ship's

weight gets transferred to the keel
blocks.
 P

P is the Upthrust Force acting at first point of

touching the blocks. Commence Critical Period…
Sueing Point

at ‘AP’
 P

P is the Upthrust Force acting at first point of

touching the blocks. Commence Critical Period…
When coming into Dry Dock:

• When ship's weight gets transferred to

the keel blocks, vessel will suffer loss on
her GM.

• The time interval between the sternpost

landing on the blocks and the ship taking
the blocks overall is referred to as the
CRITICAL PERIOD.
 P

P force is increasing gradually as the trim change

by Head…Vessel is still in Critical Period…
When coming into Dry Dock:

• Vessel must have positive effective

GM that to be maintained
throughout the critical period.

• If not vessel may heel over, slip off

the blocks when there is an
external force acting and heel the
ship.
 P

Vessel is fully rest on the blocks… End of Critical

Period
M
G1
Initial GM loss by GG1 after
completed the Critical
Period…
G
This is due to Upthrust
Force or ‘P’ Force…

B
 P

What is the total P Force during Critical Period __?___ tonnes

“How much weight to be discharged in order to bring the ship

from trim by stern to even-keel…”
 CALCULATION

OF UPTHRUST FORCE

AT THE STERNPOST

- 'P' FORCE
 w

Weight discharged to even keel the draft…

Trimming Moment = w x d t-m by Head

 F

After weight discharged…

T M By Head = T M By Stern
 P
d

P is the Upthrust Force or weight discharged to

the blocks…

T.M = wxd = P x d t-m by Head

 P

Vessel is fully rest on the blocks, Change of Trim

by Head and finally vessel at even keel drafts…
End of Critical Period…
Change of Trim = Trimming Moment (TM)
MCTC

Whereby TM = w x d = P x d

Change of Trim = P x d
MCTC

P = COT x MCTC tonnes

d
Exercise in classroom

A ship, LBP 120m is going to dry dock at the

following condition in sea water

Draft forward is 3.5m and aft is 4.0m,

distance sueing point (AP) to F is 57.5m.

Her displacement is 4600 tonnes, MCTC is 86

t-m and TPC 15.45

Calculate
i. The amount of up-thrust force (P) at
the end of Critical Period?
ii. Final drafts forward and aft?
Calculation of P force…

P = COT x MCTC
d

= 50 x 86
57.5

P = 74.8 tonnes
Body rise = P
COT = Pxd
TPC
MCTC
= 74.8
= 74.8 x 57.5
15.45
86
= 4.8cm
= 50cm
= 0.048m

CODA = 57.5 x 50
CODF = 50 – 24
120
= 26cm
= 24cm
 Forward Aft

Initial draft 3.500m 4.000m

Body rise 0.048m - 0.048m –

COD 0.260m + 0.240m –

Final draft 3.712m 3.712m

Virtual Loss Of GM

During

Critical Period
• Method 1 – GG1

• Method 2 – MM1
Method 1

• When the vessel comes in contact

with the blocks, it is assumed that
there is a transfer of weight 'P'
from the keel to the blocks.

• Hence there is a virtual rise of

ship's G (discharged of weight
below G)
P
d

F
P
d

Trimming Moment by… Head

 P

P is the Upthrust Force acting at first point of touching

the blocks. Commence Critical Period…”weight
discharged from the ship”
 M

G1

Reduction or Loss of GM = GG1

M
G1
Initial GM loss by GG1 during
the Critical Period…

G This is due to Upthrust Force

or ‘P’ Force…

B
Method 1

GG1 = P x KG in metres
W-P
 W-P

External Force
M


G1 Z

B
B1

W-P

Righting Moment at small angle of heel…

 W-P

M Righting Moment
= W x GZ
= W x GM Sin 
 In this case,

Righting Moment
= (W – P) x G1M Sin 

G1 Z

W-P
• Method 1 – GG1

• Method 2 – MM1
Method 2

• When the vessel comes in contact

with the blocks, it is assumed that
there is a transfer of buoyancy 'P'
to the keel blocks.

• Hence there is a reduction in KM

while the weight and KG are
remains constant.
P
d

F
Reduction in Buoyancy
P
d

Reduction in Buoyancy
F
 P

P is the Upthrust Force acting at first point of

touching the ground. Commence Critical
Period…”buoyancy reduction from the ship”
 P

Buoyancy Reduction

P is the Upthrust Force acting at first point of

touching the blocks. Commence Critical
Period…”buoyancy reduction from the ship”
 M

M1

B1

Reduction or Loss of GM = MM1

Method 2

MM1 = P x KM in metres
W
M

Initial GM loss by MM1 after

the Critical Period…
M1
This is due to Upthrust
G Force or ‘P’ Force…

B
 W
M
External Force
M1


G Z

B
B1

Righting Moment at small angle of heel…

 W

M1 Righting Moment
= W x GZ
= W x GM Sin 
 In this case,

Righting Moment
= W x GM1 Sin 

G Z

W
SUMMARY…

• Method 1 – GG1 : Weight transferred

• Method 2 – MM1 : Buoyancy transferred

Exercise in classroom …continued

A ship is going to dry dock at the following

condition in sea water

Draft forward is 3.5m and aft is 4.0m,

distance sueing point (AP) to F is 57.5m.

Her displacement is 4600 tonnes, MCTC is 86

t-m,

Calculate the amount of up-thrust force (P)

during Critical Period and the virtual loss of
GM if KM is 8.0m and KG is 7.2m.
Calculation of P force…

P = COT x MCTC
d

= 50 x 86
57.5

P = 74.8 tonnes
Virtual loss of GM (GG1) method…

GG1 = P x KG
W-P

= 74.8 x 7.2
4600 – 74.8

GG1 = 0.119m
Virtual loss of GM (MM1) method…

MM1 = P x KM
W

= 74.8 x 8.0
4600

MM1 = 0.130m
Comparison the Virtual loss of GM between
(MM1) and (GG1) method…

Different is…

= 0.130 – 0.119

= 0.011m

… ± 1cm
Effect of Trim

In

Dry Docking
Change of Trim = Trimming Moment (TM)
MCTC

Whereby TM = w x d = P x d

Change of Trim = P x d
MCTC

P = COT x MCTC tonnes

d
Example

• Vessel displacement 5000 tonnes, distance

sueing point to CF is 80 m, MCTC 200 t-m,

KM 7.0 m and KG 6.0 m.

What will be the maximum trim allowed?

 Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
0 m / Even keel 0.5 m by Stern 5 m by Stern
 Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
0 m / Even keel 0.5 m by Stern 5 m by Stern

Calculate ‘P’… Calculate ‘P’… Calculate ‘P’…

P = MCTC x trim P = MCTC x trim P = MCTC x trim

d d d
 Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
0 m / Even keel 0.5 m by Stern 5 m by Stern

Calculate ‘P’… Calculate ‘P’… Calculate ‘P’…

P = MCTC x trim P = MCTC x trim P = MCTC x trim

d d d

= 200 x 0 = 200 x 50 = 200 x 500

80 80 80
 Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
0 m / Even keel 0.5 m by Stern 5 m by Stern

Calculate ‘P’… Calculate ‘P’… Calculate ‘P’…

P = MCTC x trim P = MCTC x trim P = MCTC x trim

d d d

= 200 x 0 = 200 x 50 = 200 x 500

80 80 80

P = 0 tonne P = 125 tonnes P = 1250 tonnes

 Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
0 m / Even keel 0.5 m by Stern 5 m by Stern

Virtual Loss of GM… Virtual Loss of GM… Virtual Loss of GM…

 Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
0 m / Even keel 0.5 m by Stern 5 m by Stern

Virtual Loss of GM… Virtual Loss of GM… Virtual Loss of GM…

GG1 = P x KG GG1 = P x KG GG1 = P x KG

W–P W–P W-P
 Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
0 m / Even keel 0.5 m by Stern 5 m by Stern

Virtual Loss of GM… Virtual Loss of GM… Virtual Loss of GM…

GG1 = P x KG GG1 = P x KG GG1 = P x KG

W–P W–P W-P

= 0x6 = 125 x 6 = 1250 x 6

5000 – 0 5000 –125 5000 –1250
 Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
0 m / Even keel 0.5 m by Stern 5 m by Stern

Virtual Loss of GM… Virtual Loss of GM… Virtual Loss of GM…

GG1 = P x KG GG1 = P x KG GG1 = P x KG

W–P W–P W-P

= 0x6 = 125 x 6 = 1250 x 6

5000 – 0 5000 –125 5000 –1250

GG1 = 0m GG1 = 0.154 m GG1 = 2.0 m

 Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
0 m / Even keel 0.5 m by Stern 5 m by Stern

Old GM = 1.0m Old GM = 1.0m Old GM = 1.0m

New GM… New GM… New GM…

= GM - GG1 = GM - GG1 = GM - GG1

= 1.0 – 0 = 1.0 – 0.154 = 1.0 – 2.0

= 1.0 m = 0.846 m = - 1.0 m

Residual GM

1.0 MAX. TRIM…? TRIM increased

GM decreased
0.846

TRIM
0 0.5 5.0

- 1.0
• Vessel displacement 5000 tonnes,
distance sueing point to CF is 80
m, MCTC 200 t-m, KM 7.0 m and
KG 6.0 m.

Maximum Trim is….?

 During Critical Period…

P force is …? Initial GM 1.0m

M G1

Virtual Loss of GM = 1.0m

GG1 is Virtual
Loss of GM

G
 During Critical Period…

P force is …? Initial GM 1.0m

M G1

Virtual Loss of GM = 1.0m

GG1 = Px KG
W-P
1.0 = Px6 GG1 is Virtual
5000 – P Loss of GM

5000 - P = 6P
5000 = 7P
P = 714.28 tonnes
G
P force is …? Initial GM 1.0m Maximum trim is …?

Virtual Loss of GM = 1.0m P = 714.28 tonnes

GG1 = Px KG P = MCTC x trim

W-P d
1.0 = Px6 Trim = Pxd
5000 – P MCTC
= 714.28 x 80
5000 - P = 6P 200
5000 = 7P Trim = 285.7 cms
P = 714.28 tonnes
Trim = 2.86 m by Stern
Residual GM

1.0 MAX. TRIM ……?

2.86m
0.846

TRIM
0 0.5 5.0

- 1.0
CONCLUSION:

• The virtual loss of GM is NIL as vessel

having zero trim.

• The loss is increased as the trim increased.

• Maximum trim is depend upon the initial

GM
WORKED EXAMPLE 1

A ship of 140m in length, displacement 5000t and upright is

to enter dry dock with drafts forward 3.84m, aft 4.60m. Given
the following hydrostatic particulars:
TPC 20 tonnes
MCTC 150 t- m
CF 5m forward of amidships
KM 9.75m
The blocks of the dry dock are horizontal.

i. Calculate the drafts of the vessel at the instants when she is

taking the blocks forward and aft.

ii. The ship's effective GM at this moment if the KG is 7.75m

iii. The Righting Moment at this instant for an angle of heel 5º.
 F
3.84m
Trim 76 cm by Stern
4.60m

No effect on ship’s Initial Stability…

 P

F
Trim 76 cm by Stern 3.84m
4.60m

P is the Upthrust Force acting at first point of

touching the ground, commence Critical Period…
 P

F Change of Trim 76cms by Head

Even keel draft

What is the total P Force during Critical Period?

End of Critical Period…
Ship’s trimmed = 4.60 – 3.84 = 0.76 m by Stern

i. P = MCTC x trim = 150 x 76

d 75

P = 152 tonnes

a. Bodily rise = P = 152 = 7.6 cms = 0.076 m

TPC 20

b. Change of Trim = 76 cms by Head

c. Change of draft aft due COT

= l x COT
L

= 75 x 76
140

= 40.7cm

= 0.407 m
d. Change of draft forward due COT

= COT – Change of draft aft

= 76 – 40.7

= 35.3cm

= 0.353 m
e. Fwd Aft

Initial drafts 3.840 4.600

Bodily rise 0.076 - 0.076 -
Change of drafts 0.353 + 0.407 -

Final drafts 4.117 m 4.117 m

 F
4.117m 4.117m

End of Critical Period, vessel is fully rested on

blocks, draft is at even keel
ii. GG1 = P x KG = 152 x 7.75
W–P 5000 – 152

= 1178 = 0.243 m
4848

Initial GM = KM – KG = 9.75 m – 7.75

= 2.00 m

Effective GM = 2.00 – 0.243= 1.757 m

M
G1
Initial GM loss by GG1 after
the Critical Period…

G This is due to Upthrust

Force or ‘P’ Force…

B
OR

MM1 = P x KM = 152 x 9.75

W 5000

= 0.296 m

Effective GM = 2.00 – 0.296

= 1.704 m
M

Initial GM loss by MM1 after

the Critical Period…
M1
This is due to Upthrust
G Force or ‘P’ Force…

B
 W-P

External Force
M


G1 Z

B
B1

W-P
Righting Moment at small angle of heel…
 W-P

M
Righting Moment
= W x GZ
 = W x GM Sin 

In this case,

Righting Moment
= (W – P) x G1M Sin 

G1 Z

W-P
 W
M
External Force
M1


G Z

B
B1

W
Righting Moment at small angle of heel…
 W

M1
Righting Moment
 = W x GZ
= W x GM Sin 

In this case,

Righting Moment
= W x GM1 Sin 

G Z

W
iii. RM = (W – P) x G1M Sin 

= (5000 – 152) x 1.757 x Sin 5

= 742.4 t-m
OR

RM = W x GM1 Sin 

= 5000 x 1.704 x Sin 5

= 742.6 t-m
Thank you…