Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
DNA/RNA structures
GENETIC code
Transcription
DNA
Overview:
Background/history
DNA structure
Genetic information in eukaryotic
A Short History
1869 - Miescher isolated DNA the first time
1953 - Watson and Crick proposed the double helix as
the structure of DNA
1957 - Kornberg discovered DNA polymerase
1961 - Marmer and Doty discovered DNA renaturation
1962 - Arber, Nathans and Smith discovered restriction
endonucleases
1966 - Nirenberg, Ochoa, and Khorana figured out the
genetic code
What is DNA?
Nucleotides
consist of a sugar,
phosphate and
nitrogenous base
Nitrogenous base of DNA
Purine nucleotides
• A - Adenine
• G - Guanine
Pyrimidine
nucleotides
• T - Thymine
• C - Cytosine
Chemical composistion of DNA
DNA strand extend from 5’ to 3’
Component = DNA
except for
nitrogenous base is
replaced by Uracyl
RNA STRUCTURE
rRNA
From DNA to chromosome
Humans have 23
pairs of
chromosomes.
A part of
chromosome that
dictates a particular
trait is called a
gene.
Chromatin
Operon:
Is a unit of gene expression and regulation
including structural genes and control
elements in DNA recognised by regulator
gene product/s.
Gene organization
Gene structure in eukaryote
REGULATORy element
Promoter
region where RNA polymerase bind.
Repressor
Menghambat transcripsi
Silencer
Eleman DNA yang berinteraksi dengan repressors untuk
menghambat transcripsi.
Dogma of molecular biology
Components of
Replication process:
helicase
DNA ligase
DNA polymerase
topoisomerase
Crick, F.H.C., and J.D. Watson, The Complementary Structure of Deoxyribonucleic Acid,
Proc.Roy.Soc.(A) 223 (1954), page 80.
Function of replication
enzymes