Grup 10

1. Fitra Khoerunisa D.
2. Nadhifah Dwini H.P
3. Syafira Berliana Y
3 Reguler D

Cervical Cancer
 Background
In 2012, an estimated 528,000 cases of cervical cancer
occurred, with 266,000 deaths. This is about 8% of the total cases
and total deaths from cancer. About 70% of cervical cancers occur
in developing countries and 90% of deaths. In low-income countries,
it is one of the most common causes of cancer death.
 Purpose
• 1. whats about definition of cervical cancer?
• 2. whats about Physiology anatomy of reproduction?
• 3. whats about causes of cervical cancer?
• 4. whats about pathopysiology of servical cancer?
• 5. whats about signs and symptoms?
• 6. whats about prevention?
 Definition
Cervical cancer is a cancer arising from the cervix. It is due to the abnormal
growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the
body.
The uterine cervix is the lowest portion of a woman's uterus (womb),
connecting the uterus with the vagina.
Cervical cancer occurs when the cells of the cervix grow abnormally and
invade other tissues and organs of the body. When it is invasive, this cancer
affects the deeper tissues of the cervix and may have spread to other parts of the
body (metastasis), most notably the lungs, liver, bladder, vagina, and rectum.
 Physiology Anatomy

• 1. vagina
• 2. cervix
• 3. Uterus
• 4. Fallopian Tube
• 5. Ovaries
 Causes
• 1. Human papillomavirus

• Infection by the human papillomavirus is the most important risk factor for cervical cancer. HPV is
a group of more than 150 related viruses. Some of them a type of growth called papillomas, which
are more commonly known as warts.

• 2. Smoking

• Women who smoke are about twice as likely as non-smokers to get cervical cancer. Tobacco by
products have been found in the cervical mucus of women who smoke. Researches believe that
these substances damage the DNA of cervix cells and may contribute to the development of cervical
cancer. Smoking also makes the immune system less effective in fighting HPV infections.
3. Oral contraceptives
• Long-term use of oral contraceptives is associated with increased risk of cervical
cancer. Women who have used oral contraceptives for 5 to 9 years have about
three times the incidence of invasive cancer, and those who used them for 10
years or longer have about four times the risk.

4. Multiple pregnancies
• Women who have had 3 or more full-term pregnancies have an increased risk of
developing cervical cancer. No one really knows why this is true. Also, studies
have pointed to hormonal changes during pregnancy as possibly making women
more susceptible to HPV infection or cancer growth. Another thought is that
pregnant women might have weaker immune systems, allowing for HPV
infection and cancer growth.
 Pathophysiology
During the life of a woman there are physiological changes in the cervical
epithelium;columnar epithelium will be replaced by squamous epithelium that is
thought to originate fromcolumnar epithelial reserves. The process of changing
the columnar epithelium to epitheliumSquamous is called the metaplasia process
and occurs due to the influence of a vaginal pH low.
The development of invasive cancer originates from the occurrence of
neoplastic lesions in the cervical epithelial lining, starting from cervical
intraepithelial neoplasia (NIS) 1, NIS 2, NIS 3 or carcinoma in situ, after exposed to
the basement membrane will develop into microinvasive and invasive
carcinomas
 Signs and symptomps
pain during sexual intercourse
pelvic bone pain
Spotting
Abnormal menstruation
Heavy menstruation or irregular periods abnormal
vaginal discharge or abnormal vaginal bleeding
Fatigue, nausea or weight loss
 prevention
• 1. screening

Positive visual inspection with

acetic acid of the cervix
for CIN-1

• Checking cervical cells with the Papanicolaou test (Pap test) for cervical pre-cancer has dramatically
reduced the number of cases of, and mortality from, cervical cancer. Liquid-based cytology may reduced
the number of inadequate samples. Pap test screening every three to five years with appropriate follow-
up can reduce cervical cancer incidence up to 80%. Abnormal results may suggest the presence of
precancerous changes, allowing examination and possible preventive treatment, known as colposcopy.
• 2. Barrier protection

• Barrier protection or spermicidal gel use during sexual intercourse decreases, but does not
eliminate risk of transmitting the infection, though condoms may protect against genital warts. They
also provide protection against other STIs, such as HIV and Chlamydia, which are associated with
greater risks of developing cervical cancer.

• 3. Vaccination

• Three HPV vaccines (Gardasil, Gardasil 9, and Cervarix) reduce the risk of cancerous or
precancerous changes of the cervix and perineum by about 93% and 62%, respectively. The
vaccines are between 92% and 100% effective against HPV 16 and 18 up to at least 8 years.
 TREATMENT
• 1. Women aged 25 to 49 are invited for screening every 3 years. Women aged 50
to 64 are invited every 5 years. For women who are 65 or over, only those who
have not been screened since they were 50, have had recent abnormal tests or
have never been screened before are still eligible for screening.

• 2.Make sure your GP surgery has your up-to-date contact details so you continue
getting screening invitations.

• 3. It's important to attend your cervical screening tests, even if you've been
vaccinated for HPV, because the vaccine does not guarantee protection against
cervical cancer.
 conclusion

Cancer is a growth of abnormal cells or the proliferation of cells

that can not be arranged. Cervical cancer is a malignant tumor that
grows in the cervix or the cervix which is located at the lowest part of
the uterus that attaches to the top of the vagina. cervical cancer
occurs if cervical cells continue to divide, it will form a period of tissue
called a tumor that can be benign or malignant, if the tumor is
malignant then the condition is called cervical cancer.
• Thank you 