Color

Practical Color Theory for Business and Industry

1
 Reflex/flop DoI
Gloss Iridescense
Size Crater
Haze
Texture
Blister
Opacity Shape
Color is
One Aspect of Appearance
The Function
of
Sign /Tanda
Esthetic
Personality
RED

Occipital lobe
 adalah kesan/persepsi
yang diperoleh Pengamat dari

benda yang

CAHAYA
dikenai

11
 NEWTON’S
EXPERIMENT 1666

400-700nm
1nm = 10-9 meter
 Electromagnetic Spectrum

Sinar gamma Sinar X Ultra violet Infra Red Gelombang Gelombang

mikro radio

17
SPECTRAL VALUES
 •Why
Measure
Color
20
HAL2 YG MEMPENGARUHI PERSEPSI KITA
• Internal
• -Emosi (sedih,gembira,marah)
• -Pengalaman
• -Genetics/Bawaan
• -Usia
• -Kebiasaan/Sikap
• -Penyakit/Pengaruh Obat
• -Kondisi fisik

• Eksternal
• -Surrounding colors/Warna
sekitar
• -Tingkat kebisingan lingkungan
• -Chemical Exposure
22
COLOR VISION
8/100
Males Color

1/200
Females
Ohio Research
COLOR BLIND/BUTA WARNA

25
Color Blind
 THE EYE
Faktor Usia
RETINA
CORNEA

LENS

LIGHT LIGHT Young Eyes

PUPIL
Clear - Supple
IRIS
Lens

RETINA

CORNEA

LENS

LIGHT
LIGHT

IRIS PUPIL

Old Eyes Yellowing -

Rigid Lens
COLOR MEMORY

• You found the perfect color on this plate …

Remember it !

Which color
was it?
A

C
THE EFFECT OF SURROUND COLORS
ON PERCIEVED COLOR
Why Measure Color

3.Communications
 Lab value
%R
Customer

Customer

LCH value

Customer
Supplier
Why Measure Color
Setting tolerance accepted dE <0,5
 •Why
Measure
Color
58
HOW MANY MISTAKES?
A Colorimetric Description
Now that we have described the pieces, lets combine them into color
coordinates – color numbers

Color
Perception

Light Source Object Observer

Colorimetric
 CIE
COMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE L’ECLAIRAGE
INTERNATIONAL COMISSION ON ILLUMINATION

1.Vision and Colour

2.Measurement of Light and Radiation
3.Interior Environment and Lighting Design
4.Lighting and Signalling for Transport
Vienna 5.Exterior Lighting and Other Applications
Austria 6.Photobiology and Photochemistry
7.General Aspects of Lighting (Inactive)
8.Image Technology
 AN ILLUMINANT IS A SET OF NUMBERS (
RELATIVE ENERGY VS WAVELENGTH) OF TYPE OF
WHITE LIGHT SOURCE
power
A
200
D?
150

100 D55
D65
50
D75
0
400 nm 700 nm
560 nm
Color Theory Fundamentals – Chapter 3: Light
Committee International de l’Eclairage
Characterised Important Light Sources as ILLUMINANTS
380 - 780 nm at 5nm Intervals
DIFFERENT OBJECTS HAVE DIFFERENT COLORS
 KUBELKA - MUNK

Behaviour of light

Specular %R

Incident light

Diffuse %R (=color)

Internal %R
Absorbed light

69
SPECTRAL VALUES

We measure percent of light reflected at different wavelengths.

3.Observer (Pengamat)
2

1.5

0.5

72

0
OBSERVER/PENGAMAT

• Standard Observer
• adalah Angka angka yang
menjelaskan reaksi mata
manusia normal terhadap
warna
73
HUMAN EYE
THE RODS

• Rods are sensitive to light / dark

• Responsible for peripheral (side) and scotopic (low light)
vision.
• Low light = 10−2 to 10−6 candela/m²

• A human eye has about 100 million rod photoreceptor

cells.

The Rod
THE CONES
• Cones are sensitive to color
• Responsible for foveal (central) and photopic (well lit) vision.
Well lighted = 1 to 106 candela/m²
• Cone cells come in three types:
S (short wavelength - blue)
M (middle wavelength - green)
• L (long wavelength - red)

• A typical human eye has about 5 million

The Standard Observer Experiment

The experiment setup:

Red, green and blue lamps with adjustable

outputs
The Standard Observer Experiment

Subjects matched the target color...

r = .16

g = .17

b = 0.0
0
The CIE Standard Observers

z 1964 10 °
2
1931 2 °
1.5
x
y
1

0.5

0
3.The CIE Standard Observers

10°  1964

Ø 8.8cm

2°
Ø 1,7 cm

50 cm
 1931
 A Colorimetric Description
Now that we have described the pieces, lets combine them into color
coordinates – color numbers

Color
Perception

200

180

160

140 Color
Coordinates
120

100

80

60

40

20

Spectral power
distribution (SPD) % Reflectance Standard Observer
CIE Tristimulus Values

x x = X
x x = Y
x x = Z
CIE TRISTIMULUS VALUES

D65 A

X = 58.1 X = 84.2
Y = 36.0 Y = 49.6
Z = 5.9 Z = 1.9
Natural Color Language
 +b* +L*

Hue

-a* +a*

Chroma

Lightness L *
-b*
THE CIE L*A*B* COLOR SPACE

+L*
+b*
C*
-a* +a*
+h

-b* L*
CIELAB Equations
L*, Lightness/Darkness
+ L*

L* = 100 = White

L* = 116 (Y/Yn)1/3L*- 16
Yn = Tristimulus Value of
White
L* = 0 = Black Valid for Y/Yn > or = 0.01
 CIELAB Equations a* Red / Green

- a* + a*

- a* 0 + a*
a* = 500 (X/Xn)1/3 - 500 (Y/Yn)1/3
Valid for X/Xn & Y/Yn > or = 0.01
CIELAB Equations b*, yellow-blue

+ b*

0
b* = 200 (Y/Yn)1/3 - 200 (Z/Zn)1/3
Valid for Z/Zn & Y/Yn > or = 0.01

- b*
 ΔE=deltaE=dE
Δ = Huruf Yunani yang menunjukkan
“perbedaan”
E = Empfindung (German) berarti
“kesan/perasaan”
•1.Color Difference Equation
Contoh :
-CIE Lab -FMC2(Friele-MacAdam-Chickering)
-CIE LCH -CIE94
-Hunter Lab -CIE2000
-CMC -etc
-DIN 99(German Standard)
CIELAB 1976 COLOR DIFFERENCES
• Da* = a*(Batch) – a*(Standard) + = Redder
- = Greener

• Db* = b*(Batch) – b*(Standard)

+ = Yellower
- = Bluer
• DL* = L*(Batch) – L*(Standard)
+ = Lighter
- = Darker
• DC* = C*(Batch) – C*(Standard)
+ = Stronger
• DE* = √(Da*)2 + (Db*)2 + (DL*)2 - = Weaker

• DH* = √(DE*)2 - (DL*)2 - (DC*)2

+ = Counter-clockwise
- = Clockwise
 Delta E (CMC)
The color difference method of the Color Measurement Committee (the CMC) is a model using two parameters l and c,
typically expressed as CMC(l:c). Commonly used values for acceptability are CMC(2:1) and for perceptibility are
CMC(1:1).
The color difference, or ΔE, between a sample color L2a2b2 and a reference color L1a1b1 is:
Delta E (CIE 1994)
The color difference, or ΔE, between a sample color L2a2b2 and a reference color L1a1b1 is:
 Delta E (CIE 2000)
The color difference, or ΔE, between a sample color L2a2b2 and a reference color L1a1b1 is:
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