Occupational Health and Safety

Guidance on command Words

&
Element 1 : Workplace hazards and Risk Control

BY
MU D DA SAR SA FDAR
M- 0 7
Learning
Outcomes
On completion of this
element, you should be able
to demonstrate
understanding of the
content through the
application
of knowledge to familiar and
unfamiliar situations.
In particular you should be
able to:
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• Outline common health, welfare and work environment requirements
in the workplace
• Explain the risk factors and appropriate controls for violence at work
• Explain the effects of substance misuse on health and safety at work
and control measures to control such risks
• Explain the hazards and control measures for the safe movement of
people in the workplace
• Explain the hazards and control measures for safe construction and
demolition work
• Explain the hazards and control measures for safe work at height
• Explain the hazards and control measures for excavations
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 Element 1.1

Health, Welfare and Work Environment

Requirements

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Welfare Requirements
• Drinking water
• Sanitary conveniences
• Washing facilities
• Changing rooms
• Accommodation for clothing
• Rest and eating facilities

Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992

Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007

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Welfare- Minimum Standards
• labelled if not • Appropriate seating
Drinking water Seating
• Stable, backrest and footrest
where appropriate

Sanitary conveniences • Sufficient numbers

• Separate for men and women Ventilation
• Protected from weather
• Clean, lit & ventilated
• Provision for the disabled
Heating
• Sufficient supply of fresh or
purified air
• Reasonable temperature indoors
• Sedentary work - 16oC (26 in PAK)
• Manual work - 13oC (23 in PAK)

• Close to toilets and changing

Washing facilities rooms
Lighting • Adequate lighting
• Showers if required
• Hot and cold water, soap,
towels
Noise • Controls to reduce noise may be
• Means of drying needed

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Effects of Exposure
HOT ENVIRONMENTS: COLD ENVIRONMENTS:

• Dehydration • Hypothermia (lowest temp)

• Muscle cramps • Lethargy (fatigue)
• Heat stress • Frostbite
o Lethargy (fatigue) • Slip hazards
o Headaches • Freeze burns injuries
o Fainting
• Heat exhaustion
• Heat stroke
• Burns, cancer, etc.

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 Control Measures
HOT ENVIRONMENTS: COLD ENVIRONMENTS:

• Ventilation • Prevent or protect from draughts

(movement of air / dry environment)
• Insulate/shield heat sources
• Shield/lag cold surfaces
• Provide cool refuges (refer to cool shelter)
• PPE - insulating
• Drinking water
• Frequent breaks • Provide warm refuges( refer to warm
shelter)
• Job rotation
• Frequent breaks
• Appropriate clothing
• Job rotation
• Access to warm food and drinks
• Treat icy floors (cleaning or covering)

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 Element 1.2

Violence at Work

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Violence
Work-related Violence:
Any incident in which a person is abused, threatened or assaulted in circumstances relating to
their work

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Occupations at Risk
• Hospital staff
• Police
• Social workers
• Bus and taxi drivers
• Firefighters and paramedics
• Traffic wardens
• Railway staff
• Estate agents

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Control Measures - Central Office
• Zero tolerance and prosecution
• Security staff
• CCTV
• Security doors
• Minimise queues
and waiting times
• Training
• Screens
• Panic alarms
• Pleasant environment

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Control Measures – Home Visits
Conducting home visits:

• No work in high risk areas

• Incident records
• Vetting customers (customers who give tough
time)
• Visit-logging
• Pre- and post-visit communications
• Training
• Communication
• No visits after dark
• Not carrying cash or valuables

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 Element 1.3

Substance Misuse at Work

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Risks to Health and Safety
General symptoms:

• Late attendance
• Increased absenteeism
• Poor work quality
• Reduced output
• Dishonesty
• Theft
• Mood swings
• Poor relationships

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Risks to Health and Safety
Effects on safety performance:
• Sensory impairment
• Skewed perception
• Impaired motor control
• Fatigue and drowsiness

Increased risk for:

• Driving
• Operating machinery
• Making decisions

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Risk Control Measures
Drugs and alcohol policy:
• No alcohol at work or during working hours
• Statutory legal requirements
• Non-statutory requirements set by the employer
• Random drugs and alcohol testing
• Access for workers to rehabilitation and treatment
• Disciplinary procedures
• Information, instruction and training of managers, supervisors and workers

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 Element 1.4

Movement of People

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 Hazards to Pedestrians
• Slips, trips and falls on the same level
• Falls from height
• Collision with moving vehicles
• Striking by moving, flying or falling objects
• Striking against fixed or stationary objects

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Slips, Trips and Falls
Slip Hazards:
• Smooth floor surfaces:
– Inherently slippery
– wet
• Contamination
• Frost and ice

Trip Hazards:
• Uneven or loose floor surfaces
• Trailing cables
• Objects on the floor

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Falls from Height
Fall Hazards:

• Working next to an unprotected edge

• Working on fragile material above a
drop
• Using access equipment
• Using ladders
• Standing on objects to reach high
levels

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Collisions with Moving Vehicles
Vehicle Hazards
• Pedestrian walkways that require
pedestrians to walk in vehicle
traffic routes
• Pedestrian crossing points
• Exits that open onto vehicle
traffic routes
• Areas where people have to work
adjacent to moving vehicles

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Moving, Flying or Falling Objects
Flying objects
• Ejected parts or materials
• Thrown objects

Falling objects
• Loads falling from height
• Objects dislodged from height
• Effect of weather conditions
• Unstable objects

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Fixed or Stationary Objects
• Objects projecting into a pedestrian area,
e.g. pallets into a walkway
• Narrow doorways
• Low overhead services, etc.

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Control Measures
Management principles:
• Eliminate the hazard
• Create a safe place
• Create a safe person

Risk assessment, considering:

• Normal patterns of movement
• Predictable/abnormal movements
• Accident history
• Adverse weather conditions
• Maintenance requirements

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Control Measures
Slip-resistant surfaces will depend
upon the:
• Number of people
• Footwear
• Wear and tear
• Spills and contamination
• Environmental conditions
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Spillage and Drainage Control:
• Maintenance and inspection
• Behavioural controls, e.g. banning drinks
• Drainage for:
– outdoor walkways
– wet floors, e.g. showers
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Control Measures
Fencing and Guarding: Use of Signs and PPE:
• Guard rails:
• Prohibit access
– pedestrian walkways
• Warn of hazards
– edge protection
• Make PPE mandatory
• Perimeter fencing, e.g. construction sites
• Indicate safe conditions
• Temporary fencing around hazards

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Control Measures
Maintenance of pedestrian routes:
• Floors and walkways cleaned
• Spill procedure
• Housekeeping
• Repairs carried out
• Emergency exits kept clear
• Lighting
• Noise levels minimised

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Internal segregation of people and vehicles

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Building Site Controls

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Main Site Entrance

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On Site Controls

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Combined Transport Control Area

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 Element 1.5

General Construction Hazards and Controls

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Scope of Construction
Construction includes:
• Building works
• Renovations
• Maintenance activities
• Demolition work

Main Construction Hazards:

• Stacking of materials and flammable substances
• Storage of materials
• Storage of flammable substances
• Machinery and vehicles
• Site security
• Electricity

• Work at height /excavations are separate topics

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Demolition
Includes: Hazards:
Total destruction & Dismantling of structures
• Premature collapse
• Work at height
• Plant, vehicles, machinery
• Live overheads
• Buried services
• Asbestos
• Dust
• Explosives
• Biological hazards
• Sharps
• Manual handling

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 Element 1.6

Working at Height

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Working at Height
Work at any height where there is a risk of
a fall liable to cause personal injury:
• Steel workers, scaffolders, roofers,
engineers, welders, maintenance staff,
painters, window cleaners
• Main risks:
– worker falling
– object falling
• Accidents:
– death
– neck or spinal injury
– broken bones

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Risk Factors
Fragile roofs:
• Roof structure not designed to carry loads

• Cement, asbestos, glass, reinforced plastics, etc.

Sloping roofs:
• Pitch greater than 10
• Injury made worse by
acceleration down roof

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Risk Prevention Hierarchy
Hierarchy:
• Avoid work at height
• Prevent falls
• Minimise the distance and
consequences

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Preventing Falls
• Providing a safe working platform
− E.g. scaffold with guardrails
• Properly installed personnel equipment
− E.g. rope access equipment
• Providing fall arrest equipment
− E.g. harness and lanyard
• Providing Safe Landing
- E.g. safety net, air bags, etc.

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Prevention of Falling Materials
Guardrails:
• Fully enclose the unprotected edge
• Robust (material strong enough)
• Securely fixed
• High enough
• No large gaps

Toe-boards
• Toe-board fitted at edge
• Brick-guards

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Ladders
Short duration work
Hazards:
• Falls from height:
– Falling off the ladder
– The ladder toppling sideways
– The ladder base slipping out from
the wall
• Objects falling from height
• Contact with live overheads

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 Stepladders, Trestles and Staging Platforms
INTENDED FOR SHORT DURATION, LIGHT WORK
• Precautions:
− Daily inspections before use
− Fully open
− Locking devices in place
− Firm, level ground
− Don’t work off top 2 steps
− Avoid over reaching
− Avoid side-on working
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ENSURE TRESTLES ARE:
− Large enough to allow passage of equipment/materials
− Free from trip hazards and gaps
− Fitted with toe-boards and handrails
− Kept clean and tidy
− Not overloaded
− Erected on firm, level ground
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Scaffolding

Scaffolds are temporary constructions that are erected to a height so that workers and materials
can be brought conveniently within reach of their site of work
OR
To give temporary support to a structure.

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Types of Scaffolding
Independent Tied Scaffolds - independent of the structure to which
access is required and tied to it for stability

Putlog or Dependent Scaffold - which rely upon the building to provide

structural support through an arrangement of putlog tubes placed into
the wall

Birdcage Scaffolds - which are independent structures normally erected

for interior work which have a large area and normally only a single
working platform

Tower Scaffolds - are independent or free-standing scaffolds which may

or may not be mobile.

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 Basic Components of
Independent Tied Scaffolds

Standards – Uprights or vertical tubes

Ledgers – Horizontal tubes

Transoms – Short horizontal tubes spanning
across ledgers
Bracing – Diagonal tubes
Base plates – Underneath the standards
Sole boards – Timber under base plates
Work platform – Fully boarded
Guardrails – Enclose work platform
Toe-boards – provide lip to platform

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Key Scaffold Hazards
• Falls from scaffold during erection
• Falls from work platform
• Falling objects
• Collapse

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 SCAFFTAG
Scafftag tells you:
When last inspected it was then safe to use.

Scaffold rating :-
LIGHT
MEDIUM
HEAVY DUTY

IF YOU FIND A DEFECT

REMOVE SCAFFTAG
AND
REPORT IT.

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 Scaffold Ties
Through tie Scaffold tube
extends into
the building
through the
opening

Reveal tie Scaffold tube is

coupled to a
reveal pin
wedged tightly
across an
opening

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Mobile Elevated Work Platforms (MEWPS)
Hazards:
• Falls
• Objects falling
• Collapse
• Overturn (toppling)
• Contact with live overheads
• Unauthorised use
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MEWPS - Precautions
• Firm, stable ground
• Clearance of obstructions and overheads
• Barriers to exclude vehicles, etc.
• Guardrails
• Controls inside the cradle
• Not driven with the cradle raised
• Not be overloaded
• Inspected
• Trained, authorised staff
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 Edge Protection Systems

• Can be a permanent solution

• Must be robust enough to withstand person falling against it

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Inspection Systems – Scaffolds
• Often a legal requirement to inspect
− When first erected
− After substantial alterations
− After incident affecting stability (e.g. Struck by vehicles)
− After bad weather (heavy rains , windy conditions)
◦ Such as?
− Periodically
− Usually after every 7 days
− Daily checks by user’s prior work are necessary to ensure that the
scaffold is safe for use

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Inspection Systems - Scaffolds
• Points to consider:
− Condition of tubes (especially standards)
• Tying and bracing
• Condition of the work platform
• Edge protection
• Ground conditions
• Safe access
• Safe working load

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 Element 1.7

Excavations

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 Hazards of Excavations
• Collapse
• Striking buried services
• People falling in
• Objects falling in:
– vehicles
– spoil
– adjacent structures
• Flooding
• Hazardous substances
– gases and vapours
– contaminated ground

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The Danger of collapse
and cave-in must be
prevented

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Precautions – Prevention of Collapse

Battering

Shoring Trench box

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 Sheet piling with edge protection

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 Hydraulic Shoring

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 BENCHING

BATTERING

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Possible Protection Methods (Excavation)

• Depth of Excavation
• Number of People in the Excavation
• Groundwater Conditions
• Nature of Work
• Length of time the Excavation remain open for

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 Edge protection for pedestrians and machinery
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 Stop blocks for dumpers

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