History and Nature of Logic

DIVISION OF PHILOSOPHY

Theoretical Philosophy
Practical philosophy
 A Short History of Logic
DIVISION OF PHILOSOPHY
Theoretical Philosophy
1. Epistemology
2. Theodicy
3. Cosmology
4. Metaphysics
Practical philosophy
1. Ethics
2. Axiology
3. Logic
 A Short History of Logic
DIVISION OF PHILOSOPHY
Theoretical Philosophy
1. Theodicy (from Greek theos, “god”; dikē, “justice”)
- explanation of why a perfectly good, almighty, and
all-knowing God permits evil. The term literally
means “justifying God.”

https://www.britannica.com/topic/theodicy-theology
 A Short History of Logic
DIVISION OF PHILOSOPHY
Theoretical Philosophy
2. Epistemology (derived from the Greek
“episteme –knowledge and “logos” – reason)
- the philosophical study of the nature, origin,
and limits of human knowledge.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/epistemology
 A Short History of Logic
DIVISION OF PHILOSOPHY
Theoretical Philosophy
3. Cosmology (Greek “Kosmos” – order and
“logos” – reason)
-the branch of philosophy dealing with the origin
and general structure of the universe…

https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cosmology
 A Short History of Logic
DIVISION OF PHILOSOPHY
Theoretical Philosophy
5. Metaphysics (Greek “meta” – over & beyond and
physics)
- branch of philosophy that deals with first cause and the
nature of being. It is taught as a branch of philosophy
in most academic universities under the label of
“Speculative Philosophy.”

https://universityofsedona.com/meaning-of-metaphysics/
 A Short History of Logic
DIVISION OF PHILOSOPHY
Practical philosophy
1. Ethics ( Greek “ethos”, meaning custom
or character)
- also called moral philosophy, the
discipline concerned with what is morally
good and bad, right and wrong

https://www.ethicssage.com/2010/12/what-is-ethics.html
 A Short History of Logic
DIVISION OF PHILOSOPHY
Practical philosophy
2. Axiology (Greek “axios” – worthy and
“logos” – study)
- also called THEORY OF VALUE, the
philosophical study of goodness, or
value, in the widest sense of these terms.
- https://www.britannica.com/topic/axiology
 A Short History of Logic
DIVISION OF PHILOSOPHY
Practical philosophy
3. Logic (Greek “logos” – discourse
or reason)
- the study of the principles of
correct reasoning
https://philosophy.hku.hk/think/logic/whatislogic.php
Why is Logic?
The Way of Philosophy
(Logic is an integral part of Philosophy that’s why we
need to begin our study of logic by considering what
philosophy is.)

Different views on philosophy

- Impractical study, totally irrelevant to the demands
of times and the concern of the contemporary man,
- Obscure speculation of the man locked up in an
ivory tower, hopelessly out of touch with the harsh
realities of life,
- One discipline that holds the answer to some
important questions in life.
It all started in “our natural desire to
know”
Evidences
-our experience of wonder in
the face of an unknown reality;
-manifested in the questions we
ask about the things that make
us wonder;
 This natural desire for knowledge
lies at the root of philosophy and
serves as the force that sustains its
development.

• Philosophy is fundamentally
the disciplined endeavour to
find the answer to our
questions.
 Critical Reflection
-is the essential precondition for the
philosophical search…
• To philosophize is not merely to accept
without question that already well-formulated
answers to certain philosophical problems; but
rather…
• To reflect upon what is at hand and to submit
it to critical inspection before drawing any
conclusion.
What, indeed, is philosophy?
• Philosophy seeks to attain not just any
knowledge.
Philosophy is not satisfied with the mere
accumulation
of facts;
- it explores beyond what is to discover why
something is what it is,
- does not stop at the kind of knowledge that
touches only the surface or peripheral aspects of
things,
- Extends its vision deeper to penetrate the inner
reality of the being in question.
What, indeed, is philosophy?

• Philosophy does not only

ask questions about a
specific being—the world,
man or God.
- It goes further and asks the
deeper question of what it
means to be at all.
What, indeed, is philosophy?
• Philosophy is definitely not
content with a fragmented
view of reality.
- it seeks to integrate the
available data and organize
them into a coherent whole.
What, indeed, is philosophy?
• Philosophy is the way to a
deeper and a comprehensive
view of reality.
- its task is to vision reality as
far, as deeply, and as
comperhensively as is humanly
possible.
 Logic and Truth
Thinking is important in our search for knowledge
and pursuit of truth but our thinking is not always
correct, so we do not always attain the truth we are
seeking.
Reasons…
- We allow our emotions to rule over reason;
- Let our personal biases and interest prevail;
- Too much in a hurry resulted to jumping into
conclusion without carefully and critically looking
into available data and pertinent info.
 Logic and Truth
RESULT…
-We make conclusions on the basis of false
assumptions..
-Even when our premises are true, we do not put
them in the proper order and form.

…these and many other reasons keep us from

thinking correctly so that instead of attaining truth,
we often find ourselves clinging to error and
holding on to falsehood.
 Logic and Truth
LOGIC
-is precisely the discipline that assists us in our
endeavour to think correctly and attain the truth
more securely.
-a science.
-aims to give us an insight into the conditions for
correct thinking.
-is referred to as the “science and art of correct
thinking.”