Introduction

 It is impossible to maintain dimensions , geometrical

properties & surface roughness of components with
absolute accuracy in production process.

 Limit ,fits and tolerance are necessary to ensure

INTERCHANGEBILITY of mating parts , coupled with the
desired degree of tightness or looseness of assembly.

 Lack of tolerance leads to improper fits,it will also add to

delay & higher cost.
 LIMITS, FITS & TOLERANCE

Limits :maximum and minimum permissible sizes within which

the actual size of a component lies.

Fit: is an assembly condition between ‘Hole’ & ‘Shaft’

Tolerance : It is impossible to make anything to an exact size,

therefore it is essential to allow a definite tolerance or permissible
variation on every specified dimension.
 LIMITS, FITS & TOLERANCE
Terminology:- As per BIS are as below;
Size:- It is a number expressed in a particular unit in the measurement of
length
Basic Size:- It is the size based on which the dimensional deviations are given.
Actual Size:- It is the size of the component by actual measurement after it is
manufactured. It should lie between the two limits of size.
Zero line:- In graphical representation of the above terms, the zero line
represents the basic size. This line is also called as the line of zero deviation.
Limits of size:- These are the extreme permissible sizes within which the
operator is expected to make the component. Maximum limit of size is
the greater of the two limit size, whereas the Minimum limit of size is
the smaller of the two limit of size.
Hole:- All internal features of a component including those which are not
cylindrical are designated as ‘Hole’.
Shaft:- All external features of a component including those which are
not cylindrical are designated as ‘Shaft’.
Deviation:- It is the algebraic difference between a size, to its
corresponding basic size. It may be positive, negative or zero.
Upper Deviation:- It is the algebraic difference between maximum limit of
size and its corresponding basic size.
Lower Deviation:- It is the algebraic difference between minimum limit of
size and its corresponding basic size.
Actual Deviation: It is the algebraic difference between actual size and its
corresponding basic size.
 Tolerance:- It is the difference between maximum limit of
size and the minimum limit of size. It is always positive and is
expressed only as a number without a sign.

•Why Tolerance?

•Varing properties of the material

•Production machines inherent inaccuracies.
•It is impossible for an operator to make perfect settings.
While setting up the tools and workpiece on the machine,
some errors are likely to creep in.
 Different Types of Tolerance

Unilateral Tolerance: In this

method of presenting the
limits, both the limits of size
are on the same side of the
zero line.

Bilateral Tolerance: Here one of

the limits is on one side of the Zero line
zero line And the other limit of
size is on the other side of the
line.
 Geometric tolerances
1) Geometric tolerances are different from the tolerances allowed
for the size of feature, they specify the allowable variation of
the shape of a feature.

2) There are 3 basic types:

1.Form 2.Orientation 3.Position tolerances

3) Geometric tolerances are specified using a control frame

consisting of a tolerance symbol, a tolerance value &
optional datum planes.
Geometric Tolerance Symbols
 Allowance
 It is an intentional difference between the maximum
material limits of mating parts, For shaft, the
maximum material will be it’s high limit and for hole, it
will it’s low limit
 The positive allowance is clearance and negative
allowance is interference.
Fundamental deviation:- There are 25 fundamental deviation in
the BIS system represented by letter , symbols ( Capital letters for
holes and small letters for shaft)
Fundamental Tolerance:- This is also called as ‘grade of
tolerance’ . In the Indian Standard System there are 18 grades
represented by number symbols, both for hole and shaft
denoted as IT01, IT0, IT1, IT2…… IT16. A high number
FIT:- It is the relationship that exists between two mating parts, a
hole and shaft with respect to their dimensional difference before
assembly. Three types of fit are given hereunder;

Clearance fit:- It is a fit which always

provides clearance. Here the tolerance
zone of the hole will be above the
Clearanc e fit
tolerance zone of the shaft. Maximum
clearance is the difference between the
maximum hole and minimum shaft.
Hole Shaft Minimum Clearance is the difference
between the minimum hole and
maximum shaft.
Use:- pivots , latches fit of parts
exposed to corrosive effects
Interference fit:- It is a fit which always provides intereference .
Here the tolerance zone of the hole will be below the tolerance
zone of shaft . Maximum interference is the algebraic difference
between the minimum hole and maximum shaft. Minimum
inetreferance is the algebraic difference between the maximum
hole and minimum shaft
Ex: Bearing, bushes, Keys & key ways
Transition fit:- It is a fit which may sometimes provides
clearance and sometimes interference. When this class of fit is
represented graphically, the tolerance zone of the hole and shaft
will overlap each other.
Ex: Coupling rings, Spigot in mating holes, Pulleys and bushing,
Flushed bolts etc.

Shaft

Hole Hole

Hole
Shaft
Shaft