Cancer is a group of diseases involving

abnormal cell growth with the potential

to invade or spread to other parts of
body.
 It is a type of cancer that
develops from epithets.
Specifically, a carcinoma is a
cancer that lial cell begins in a
tissue that lines the inner or
outer surfaces of the body.
Carcinoma occur when
the DNA of a cell is damaged or
altered and the cell begins to
grow uncontrollably and
become malignant.
Cancerous (malignant)
tumors of the connective
tissues are called “Sarcomas”.
The term sarcoma comes
from Greek word meaning
fleshy growth.
Sarcomas arises in the
connective tissue of the body.
Normal connective tissue
include fat, blood vessels,
nerves, bones, muscles, deep
skin tissues and cartilage.
Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system, which runs all through the
body, and can therefore occur anywhere. The two main forms are non-
Hodgkin’s which begins with uncontrolled growth of the - white blood
cells -lymphocytes - of the immune system) and Hodgkin’s lymphoma in
which cells of the lymph nodes become cancerous.
Leukemia is a cancer of the
white blood cells and bone
marrow, the tissue that
forms blood cells. There are
several subtypes; common
are lymphocytic leukemia
and chronic lymphocytic
leukemia
Age –
Many types of cancer become more prevalent with age. The
longer people live, the
more exposure there is to carcinogens and the more time
there is for genetic changes or
mutations to occur within their cells
Genetics – Some people are unfortunately born with a
genetically inherited high risk for a
specific cancer ('genetic predisposition). This does not
mean developing cancer is
guaranteed, but a genetic predisposition makes the
disease more likely.
• The immune system - People
who have weakened immune
systems are more at risk of
developing some types of
cancer. This includes people
who have had organ transplants
and take drugs to suppress their
immune systems to stop organ
rejection, plus people
who have HIV or AIDS, or other
medical conditions which
reduce their immunity to
disease
Signs and symptoms
As there are so many different types of cancer the symptoms are
varied and depend on where the disease is located. However, there are some
key signs and symptoms, including:
• Lumps – some cancers can be felt through the skin. Cancerous lumps are
often painless and may increase in size as the cancer progresses
• Coughing, breathlessness – persistent coughing episodes and
breathlessness can be associated with lung cancer
• Changes in bowel habit – symptoms of bowel cancer may include blood in
the stools and a change in bowel habits such as constipation and diarrhea
Bleeding – any unexpected bleeding can be a sign of cancer:
o Bleeding from the anal passage may be a sign of bowel cancer
o Bleeding from the cervix may be a sign of cervical cancer
o Blood present in the urine may be a sign of kidney or bladder cancer
• Unexplained weight loss – a large amount of unexplained weight
loss over a short period of time (a couple of months) can be a sign of
cancer.
• Fatigue - fatigue is extreme tiredness and a severe lack of energy. If
fatigue is due to cancer, sufferers normally also have other symptoms
 It is expected that by 2030:
• There will be 12 million cancer deaths per year13
• The global costs of cancer are estimated to rise to 458 billion12
The rising burden of cancer across the world can be
linked to a number of factors including:13
• Expanding and ageing populations
• Increases in modifiable risk factors (smoking, western diet and
physical inactivity)
• Higher incidences of cancers related to preventable or treatable
infections (particularly in
developing countries)

Source- Union for International Cancer Control •

Union Internationale Contre le Cancer
Prevention and early detection of cancer
More than a third of all cancers are preventable by reducing exposure to
risk factors including tobacco, obesity, physical inactivity and sexually
transmitted infections. Preventative measures such as vaccination
programmes against HBV and HPV and public education campaigns are
vital now, and in the future, to mitigate the expected increase of people
affected by cancer in the coming decades.
Unless urgent action is taken to
raise awareness about cancer
and encourage governments to
develop practical, multisectoral
strategies to address the
disease, millions of people
around
the world will continue to die
prematurely or suffer every year
because of this devastating
disease.
Hypertension also known as high blood
pressure is a long term medical condition in
which the blood pressure in the arteries is
persistently elevated.

Here Blood pressure is measured in two measurements-

1) Systolic
2) Diastolic
Recommende
d values :
Systolic
140 mmHg by age 40
150 mmHg in 40 - 60
160 mmHg since 60
Diastolic
90 mmHg for all ages
Today the greatest attention in the world is devoted to
energy resources because their use is usually
irreversible, but the supplies of traditional fossil fuels (oil,
natural gas) are running out fast. This is why over the last
decades attention is focused on renewable energy
resources and ways to increase energy efficiency.
 Nonrenewable renewable secondary

Sun energy
Oil Hydro energy
Natural gas Wind energy Electricity
Coal Geothermal energy hydrogen
Nuclear energy Biomass energy
Tidal energy
Coal is traditionally looked upon as the most typical fossil fuel. Today
coal is primarily used for energy and coke production for producing iron
and steel.

Coal of a lower quality is used in cement and food

production as well as in several less important
industries.
Explorated coal and lignite resources
in the World, billions ton
 The total explored world
coal reserves comprised
795 billion tons in 2005.
There are a number of adverse health
and environmental effects of coal
burning especially in power stations,
and of coalmining.
 These effects include:
 coal-fired power plants shortened
nearly24,000 lives a year in the United
States, including 2,800 from lung
cancer, generation of hundreds of
millions of tons of waste products,
including fly ash, bottom ash,
flue gas desulfurization sludge, that contain
mercury, uranium, thorium, arsenic, and
other heavy metals.
 acid rain from high Sulphur coal,
 interference with groundwater and
water table levels.
Peat is black, brown or yellowish-brown sedimentary rock which, when
dry, consists of over 50% organic substances. It is formed of plant
material at different stages of decomposition, having accumulated in
extremely wet conditions.

Extraction of the peat at the Cenas bog, Latvia

Today most peat goes to
seed farms to propagate
seedlings for forests,
parks and gardens. Peat is
extracted for commercial
purposes, and just over 800
companies extract more than
95% of the total amount to
produce approximately 55
million tons of air-dry peat a
year.
In nature oil is a liquid that fills in empty spaces, crevices and
caverns in rocks, forming deposits in
anticlines, folds at plate boundaries and foothills.
Oil can also be found in pores or on grains of rocks. Such oil
can form oil-saturated sandstone and
limestone rocks, or plastic and hard layers of crust, most
often called natural asphalt or oil shale.
In the Earth liquid oil is usually buried to the depth of 0.3–5
km; when deeper, it can be found only
as admixture in deposits of natural gas.
World oil reserves, billions of
barrel