Differential Calculus

Engr. Denver Magtibay

History
• Calculus is a term borrowed from Latin, which means “pebble” or “little
stone”. Its development was given credit to the English Mathematician
and Physicist Sir Isaac Newton and German Mathematician, Gottfried
Leibniz, who worked independently but came into the same conclusion in
different notations.
• Newton called his calculus the “the science of fluxions”. The word
fluxion came from the word flux, which means “constant changing or
flowing”. He discovered the branch of mathematics (fluxions) in which an
unknown number keeps changing. Today, Calculus is defined as the
branch of mathematics which deals with continuous changing quantities.
• Leibniz is known of his differentiation symbol d/dx and ∫ for
integration symbol
Types of function:
Implicit function: f(x, y) = 0; there is an implied relation between
variables
• Example: xcosy + ycosx = 1

Explicit function: y = f(x) dependent variable is expressed as a function

of independent variable.
• Example: y = 1 + x2; x = 2y2 – 3
Odd function: f(x) is an odd function if f(-x) = -f(x).
• Ex. F(x) = sinx

Even function: f(x) is an even function if f(-x) = f(x).

• Ex. F(x) = x2

Note:
• The product of an even and odd function is an odd function
• The product of two odd function is an even function
• The product of two even function is an even function
7 indeterminate forms
0
1. 0
2. 0x∞
∞
3. ∞
4. ∞-∞
5. 00
6. ∞0
7. 1∞
1. Find the lim (√(x+2) – √2)/x as x approaches to 0.
A. 0
B. 0.353
C. indeterminate
D. ∞
2. Find the limit of (7xᶟ)/(4xᶟ-2x+10) as x approaches infinity.
A. 0
B. 1.75
C. indeterminate
D. ∞
3. Find the limit of 2−𝑥 tan ᴨ𝑥/2 as x approaches 1.
A. 𝑒 2ᴨ
B. 𝑒 2/ᴨ
C. 0
D. ∞
Derivative:
• If an increment Δy of a function y = f(x) is divided by Δx, the quotient
gives the average rate of change of y with respect to x in the interval
from x to x + Δx.
∆𝑦 𝑓 𝑥+∆𝑥 −𝑓(𝑥)
• Symbolically, =
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥
Table of Derivatives
Basic Formula Algebraic Functions: Trigonometric Functions:
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
• 𝑥 =1 • 𝐶 =0 • (sin 𝑢) = cos 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
• 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 •
𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑢 = 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
•
𝑑𝑥
(cos 𝑢) = −sin 𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑 2 𝑑𝑢
• 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢 +𝑣 • 𝑢±𝑣 = ± • (tan 𝑢) = sec 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 −𝑢𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑐 −𝑐𝑑𝑥 • (cot 𝑢) = −csc 𝑢2
• = • = 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑑 𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑢 • (sec 𝑢) = sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢
• = • 𝑢 = 𝑛(𝑢) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢 • (csc 𝑢) = −csc 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢
• = 𝑑 ( 𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 • 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑢
 Table of Derivatives
Inverse Trigonometric Exponential functions: Hyperbolic functions:
Functions: 𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
• 𝑒𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 • sinh 𝑢 = cosh 𝑢
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
• (𝑎𝑟𝑐 sin 𝑢) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑑𝑢 • cosh 𝑢 = sinh 𝑢
𝑑 −1 𝑑𝑢 • 𝑎𝑢 = 𝑎𝑢 (𝐼𝑛 𝑎) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
• (arcos 𝑢) = •
𝑑
tanh 𝑢 = sec h2 𝑢
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢 • 𝑢 = 𝑢𝑣 + 𝐼𝑛𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
• (arctan 𝑢) = •
𝑑
coth 𝑢 = −csch2 𝑢
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
• (𝑎𝑟𝑐 cot 𝑢) = • sech 𝑢 = −sech 𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
• (𝑎𝑟𝑐 sec 𝑢) = • csch 𝑢 = −csch 𝑢 coth 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑢2 −1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 −1 𝑑𝑢
• (𝑎𝑟𝑐 csc 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑢2 −1 𝑑𝑥
 Table of Derivatives
Inverse hyperbolic functions: Variable with variable exponent:
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
• 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 𝑢 = 𝑑 𝑣 𝑣−1 𝑑𝑢 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑢2 +1 𝑑𝑥 • 𝑢 = 𝑣𝑢 +𝑢 𝐼𝑛𝑢
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
• 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 𝑢 = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 −1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
• 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 −1 𝑑𝑢
• 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ−1 𝑢 = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 −1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 −1 𝑑𝑢
• 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ−1 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 −1 𝑑𝑢
• 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ−1 𝑢 = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 (1+𝑢2 ) 𝑑𝑥
Parametric Equations:
If y = f(t) & x = g(t) are the parametric equations of a certain curve
where; t is the parameter, then;
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
= = ′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 𝑔 (𝑥)
4. Find the derivative of y=𝑒 𝑥 cosx².
A. -𝑒 𝑥 sinx²
B. 𝑒 𝑥 (cosx²-2xsinx²)
C. 𝑒 𝑥 cosx²-2x sinx
D. −2𝑒 𝑥 sinx²
5. Find the derivative of y if y = (x+3)/(x-4).
A. -7/(x-4)²
B. 7/(x-4)²
C. (2x-1)/(x-4)²
D. 2x/(x-4)²
6. Find dy/dx: y=1/(1-u) and u=1/(1+x)
a. (1/x)^2
b. (-1/x)^2
c. 1/x^2
d. -1/x^2
7. Solve for y’: y=((5x^2-1)^8)((1-6x^3)^4)
a. 8((5x^2-1)^7)((1+6x^3)^3)(105x^4+9x^2+10x)
b. 8((5x^2-1)^7)((1-6x^3)^3)(-105x^4+9x^2+10x)
c. 8 (-105x^4-9x^2+10x)((5x^2-1)^7)((1+6x^3)^3)
d. 8 (-105x^4+9x^2-10x)((5x^2+1)^7)((1-6x^3)^3)
8. Determine the second derivative of the function: y = (x+1)(x-3)ᶟ
A. 12(x-3)(x-1)
B. 5(x-4)(x-1)²
C. 3(x-3)²(x+1) + (x-3)ᶟ
D. 3x(x-3)²
9. Find the third derivative of y=exp(x²).
A. 4x(2x+3)exp(x²)
B. 4(2x²+3)exp(x²)
C. 4(2x-3)exp(x²)
D. 4x(2x²+3)exp(x²)
10. Let f be a function defined by f(x) = Ax2 + Bx + C with the following
properties f(0) = 2, f’(2) = 10 and f”(10) = 4. Find the value of B.
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
11. Determine y’ implicity: xy +y² =1.
A. y/(x+2y)
B. y/(x-2y)
C. -x/(x+2y)
D. -y/(x+2y)
12. Find dy/dx: x^2+y^2=2xy
a. 0
b. 1
c. 2y-2x
d. undefined
Curvature
• Curvature refers to the rate of change of the direction of the curve.
Thus a circle of smaller radius has great curvature, or is sharply
curved.
• The curvature, k or the curve y = f(x) is;
|𝑦"|
•𝑘=
1+(𝑦′)2 3/2
Radius of Curvature
• Is the radius of a circle at a point in the curvature
• The radius of curvature, 𝜌, is the reciprocal of the curvature, k, or:
2 3/2
1 1+(𝑦′)
•𝜌= =
𝑘 |𝑦"|
Circle of Curvature
At any point on a curve y = f(x), where y’ and y” exist and y”≠ 0, there is
associated with the curve a circle, which is called the circle of curvature
with the following equation
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑦 − 𝑘 2 = 𝑟 2

The center (h,k) and radius r of the curve is;

2
𝑦 ′ [1+(𝑦 ′) ] 1+(𝑦′)2
ℎ=𝑥 − 𝑘=𝑦 +
𝑦" 𝑦"
13. Find the radius of curvature of the curve y=2x3+3x2 at (1,5).
a. 90
b. 95
c. 97
d. 84
14. Locate the center of curvature of the parabola x^2=4y at point
(2,2).
a. (-2,6)
b. (-3,6)
c. (-2,4)
d. (-3,7)
Tangent and Normal
• Subtangent
𝑦
ST=
𝑦′
• Subnormal
SN= 𝑦𝑦′
• Tangent Length
TL= 𝑆𝑇 2 + 𝑦 2
• Normal Length
NL= 𝑆𝑁 2 + 𝑦 2
15. What is the slope of the tangent to y=(x^2+1)(x^3-4x) at (1,-6)?
a. -8
b. -4
c. 3
d. 5
16. Find C so that the line y = 4x + 3 is tangent to the curve y = x²+C.
A. 4
B. 5
C. 6
D. 7
17. What is the equation of the normal line to the curve x²+y²=25 at
point (4,3).
A. 5x+3y = 0
B. 5x-3y = 0
C. 3x-4y = 0
D. 3x+4y = 0
18. Find the length of subtangent, subnormal, tangent and normal of
xy+2x-y=5 at point (2,1).
a. 1, 1 / 3, sqrt of 10 / 2, sqrt of 10
b. 1, 3, 5, 7
c. 1, 3, sqrt of 10 / 3, sqrt of 10
d. 1 / 3, 3, sqrt of 10 / 3, sqrt of 10
Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration, Etc.
y=displacement y=f(t)
v=velocity v=y’=f’(t)
a=acceleration a=y’’=f’’(t)

Other derivatives of displacement

3rd derivative: jerk/jolt
4th derivative: jounce/snap
5th derivative: crackle
6th derivative: pop
7th derivative: drop
19. A vehicle moves along a trajectory having coordinates given as
x=t^3 and y=1-t^2. The acceleration of the vehicle at any point of the
trajectory is a vector having magnitude and direction. Find the
acceleration when t=2.
a. 12.17
b. 13.20
c. 15.32
d. 12.45
Maxima, Minima and Critical Points;
• A function y = f(x) is said to be an increasing function of x if its value
increases as x increases. Similarly, it is decreasing function of x if y
decrease as x increases. In terms of slope; if y’>0, y increases; and if
y’<0, y decreases. The point on the curve where the function changes
from increasing to decreasing is called maximum point, and point
where the function changes from decreasing to increasing is called a
minimum point. The points at which y’ = 0 are called critical points,
and the corresponding value of x are the critical value of x.
Points of inflection; Concavity
• The second derivative is the rate of change of the first derivative. It
follows that when y” is positive, y’ is increasing: as x increase, the
tangent turns in a counterclockwise sense and the curve is concave
upward. When y” is negative, y’ decreases; the curve is concave
downward. A point of inflection is a point at which the curve changes
from concave upward to concave downward or vice versa. Inflection
point – a point at which the curve changes its direction of concavity.
Maxima and Minima Applied to Polynomial Curves;
• The critical points (Maximum or minimum), the first derivative zero
• The point of inflection the second derivative zero
• If y” is undefined then the curve has no point of inflection
20. y = x3 – 3x. Find the maximum and minimum value of y.
a. 2 and -2
b. 0 and -2
c. 1 and -3
d. 3 and 1
21. Find the point of inflection of the curve y=x3-3x2+6.
a. (1, 4)
b. (0, 2)
c. (1,3)
d. (2, 1)
Minima & Maxima Applied to Worded Problems;
• General Procedure for solving problems
• Make an equation that is to be maximized or minimized
• If the right side of the equation has two or more variables, then
convert it to one variable only
• Differentiate the equation with respect to the chosen variable in the
right side
• To maximize or minimize equate it to zero and solve for the unknown.
22. An open box is formed by cutting the squares of equal size from the
corners of a 24 by 15-inch piece of sheet metal and folding up the
sides. Determine the maximum volume of the box.
A. 400
B. 486
C. 386
D. 300
23. The sum of two positive numbers is 10. Find the larger number if
the product of square of one by the cube of the other is at the
maximum?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
24. If xy = 6, find the minimum value of 2x+3y given that x and y are
positive integers.
A. 9
b. 10
C. 11
D. 12
25. A printed page must contain 60sq.m. of printed material. There are
to be margins of 5cm. on either side and the margins of 3cm. on top
and bottom. How long should the printed lines be in order to minimize
the amount of paper used?
a. 10
b. 12
c. 18
d. 15
26. A school sponsored trip will cost each student 15 pesos if not more
than 150 students make the trip. However, the cost will be reduced by
5 centavos for each student in excess of 150. How many students
should make the trip in order for the school to receive the largest group
income?
a. 225
b. 200
c. 250
d. 195
27. A rectangular box with square base and open at the top is to have a
capacity of 16823cu.cm. Find the height of the box that requires
minimum amount of material.
a. 16.14cm
b. 12.14cm
c. 14.12cm
d. 10.36cm
28. A closed cylindrical tank has a capacity of 576.56 cubic meters. Find
the minimum surface area of the tank.
a. 383.40 cubic meters
b. 516.32 cubic meters
c. 412.60 cubic meters
d. 218.60 cubic meters
29. The highway department is planning to build a picnic area for
motorist along a major highway. It is to be rectangular with an area of
5000 sq. m. is to be fenced off on the three sides not adjacent to the
highway. What is the least amount of fencing that will be needed to
complete the job?
a. 200 m.
b. 400 m.
c. 300 m.
d. 500 m.
Maxima-Minima Using Derived Formulas
h=4R r= 2R

Note:
Rectangle with the max area = Square
Triangle with the max area = Equilateral
Right Triangle with the max area = Isosceles
Shape with the max area = Circle
Box with max volume = Cube
2 2 Solid with the max volume = Sphere
r= 𝑅
3
30. Two posts, one 8m and the other 12m high are 15m apart. If the
posts are supported by a cable running from the top of the first post to
a stake on the ground and then back to the top of the second post, find
the distance to the lower post to the stake to use the minimum amount
of wire?
A. 6m
B. 8m
C. 9m
D. 4m
31. Find the rectangle of the largest area that can be inscribed in an
equilateral triangle of side 20.
A. 50√3
B. 25√3
C. 50√2
D. 25√2
32. Find the dimensions of the right circular cylinder of maximum
volume that can be inscribed in a right circular cone whose radius is 3
in and whose heights is 10 in.
A. r=2/3 in ; h=10/3 in
B. r=1/3 in ; h=20/3 in
C. r=2 in ; h=10/3 in
D. r=2 in ; h=20/3 in
33. What is the maximum length of the perimeter if the hypotenuse of
a right triangle is 5m long?
a. 12.08 m
b. 20.09 m
c. 15.09 m
d. 8.99 m
34. A rectangular lot has an area of 1600 sq. m. find the least amount
of fence that could be used to enclose the area.
a. 160 m.
b. 100 m.
c. 200 m.
d. 300 m.
35. A wall 2.245 m high is x meters away from a building. The shortest
ladder that can reach the building with one end resting on the ground
outside the wall is 6m. What is the value of x?
a. 2m
b. 2.6m
c. 3.0m
d. 4.0m
36. A normal window is in the shape of a rectangle surrounded by a
semi-circle. If the perimeter of the window is 71.416, what is its radius
and the height of the rectangular portion so that it will yield a window
admitting the most light?
a. 10
b. 22
c. 12
d. 27
Time Rates;
• The fact that derivative of a function is identical with its rate of
change leads to a great variety of applications; those in which time is
the independent variable are especially important. Frequently the
problems of rates is most conveniently solve by expressing the
variables whose rate of change is to be found, in terms of another
variable whose rate is known, and then differentiating with respect to
time the equation connecting them.
37. A girl is flying a kite which at height of 120 feet. The wind is carrying
the kite horizontal away from the girl at a speed of 10 feet per second.
How fast must the kite string be let out when the string is 150 feet
long?
A. 5 fps
B. 6 fps
C. 7 fps
D. 8 fps
38. Two sides of a triangle are 15cm and 20cm long respectively. How
fast is the third side increasing if the angle between the given sides is
60 degrees and is increasing at the rate of 2deg/sec?
a. 0.50 cm/s
b. 2.70 cm/s
c. 1.20 cm/s
d. 3.60 cm/s
39. What is the radius of an expanding circle at the moment when the
rate of change of its area is numerically twice as large as the rate of
change of its radius?
A. 1/∏
B. 2/∏
C. 3/∏
D. 4/∏
40. The length of a rectangle of constant area 800 sq. cm is increasing
at a rate of 4 cm per second. What is the width of the rectangle at the
moment the width is decreasing at a rate of 0.5 cm per second?
A. 10 cm
B. 30 cm
C. 20 cm
D. 40 cm
41. A 5 – foot girl is walking toward a 20 – foot lamp post at the rate of
6 feet per second. How fast is the length of the girl’s shadow changing?
A. 2 fps, dec
B. 3 fps, inc
C. 2 fps, inc
D. 3 fps, dec
42. A point moves on the parabola y^2=8x in such a way that the rate
of change of the ordinate is always 5 units per sec. How fast is the
abscissa changing when the ordinate is 4?
a. 5
b. 4
c. 3
d. 7
43. The sides of an equilateral triangle are increasing at the rate of
10m/s. What is the length of the sides at the instant when the area is
increasing 100 sq m/sec?
a. 20/√3
b. 22/√3
c. 25/√3
d. 15/√3
44. Water is the flowing into a conical vessel 15cm deep and having a
radius of 3.75cm across the top. If the rate at which water is rising is
2cm/s, how fast is the water flowing into the conical vessel when the
depth of water is 4cm?
a. 6.28 cu m/min
b. 4 cu m/min
c. 2.5 cu m/min
d. 1.5 cu m/min
45. A train, starting noon, travels north at 40 mph. Another train
starting from the same point at 2pm travels east at 50mph. How fast
are the two trains separating at 3pm?
a. 56.15 mph
b. 98.65 mph
c. 46.51 mph
d. 34.15 mph
46. A bridge is h meters above a river which lies perpendicular to the
bridge. A motorboat going 3 m/s passes under the bridge at the same
instant that a man walking 2 m/s reaches that point simultaneously. If
the distance between them is changing, at the rate of 2.647 m/s after 3
seconds, find the value of h.
a. 10
b. 12
c. 14
d. 8
47. The search light of a lighthouse which is positioned 2km from the
shoreline is tracking a car which is traveling at a constant speed along
the shore. If the searchlight is rotating at the rate of 0.25 rev per hour,
determine the speed of the car when it is 1km away from the point on
the shore nearest to the lighthouse.
a. 3.93 kph
b. 4.16 kph
c. 2.5 kph
d. 1.8 kph
48. At a certain instant, the dimensions of a rectangular parallelepiped
are 4, 5 and 6 feet and they are increasing, respectively, at the rates 1,
2 and 3 feet per second. At what rate is the volume increasing?
a. 183
b. 381
c. 138
d. 318
The Differentials (Error Problem);
The error (dR, dA, dV) in measurements can be computed using the
differentials in the computed lengths, areas or volumes
𝑑𝑅
→ radius relative error
𝑅

𝑑𝐴
→ computed area relative error
𝐴

𝑑𝑉
→ computed volume (relative error)
𝑉
49. Find the approximate increase in the volume of the sphere if the
radius increases from 2 to 2.05.
A. 2.12
B. 2.86
C. 2.51
D. 2.25
50. A cube has a volume of 1728 cu mm. If the allowable error in the
edge of a cube is 0.04 mm, compute the allowable error in the volume
of the cube.
a. 17.28 cu mm
b. 16.88 cu mm
c. 15.22 cu mm
d. 20.59 cu mm