Air Traffic Control Procedures

Benefits

 Safety

 Orderly

 Expeditious

OSP 2
 COLLISION AVOIDANCE
• Learning collision avoidance procedure begins w/ your
1st flight. The risk of an in-flight collision exists for all
pilots, but you can take action to avoid this type of
accident. You will hear the terms VFR & IFR used in
frequently in several different ways. If you are
operating under visual flight rules (VFR), you are under
governed by specific regulation w/ include minimum
cloud clearance and visibility requirements, also
referred to as weather minimums. In comparison,
instrument flight rule (IFR) are rules w/c are
established to govern flight operations in weather
conditions below VFR weather minimums.
 VISUAL SCANNING

• To see & avoid other aircraft, you must develop an

effective visual scanning pattern w/c is compatible with
the function of your eyes. Scanning is most effective
when you use a series of short, regularly-spaced eye
movements. This helps to bring successive areas of the
sky into your central visual field.
BLIND SPOTS & AIRCRAFT DESIGN
 AIRPORT OPERATION

• To increase safety at airports, a voluntary program

called operation lights on has been established by the
regulation. Operation lights on encourage you to use
your landing lights during departure and approaches,
both day and night, especially when operating 10 miles
of an airport or in reduced visibility.
CONTROLLED & UNCONTROLLED AIRPORTS

• There are 2 types of airport environment that you will operate

in – controlled & uncontrolled. A controlled airport has an
operating control tower. Since all aircraft in the vicinity, as well
as those on the ground, are subject to instruction issued by
ATC, a 2-way radio is required for you to operate in the
controlled airport environment. At uncontrolled airport,
control of VFR traffic is not exercised. Although you are not
required to have a 2-way radio, most pilots use radios to
transmit their intentions to other pilots. You also are
responsible for determining the active runway and how to
enter and exit the traffic patter.
 RUNWAY LAYOUT
• Since airplanes are directly affected by wind during takeoffs &
landings, runways are not arbitrarily placed by builders. a
runway at an airport, it is normally positioned so that you can
takeoff & land in the direction of the prevailing wind.
 TRAFFIC PATTERN

• Traffic patterns are established to ensure that traffic

flows into and out of an airport in an orderly manner.
Although the direction and placement of the pattern,
the altitude at w/c is to be flown, and the
procedures for entering and exiting the pattern may
vary, a standard rectangular pattern with five named
legs is used at most airports. At controlled airports,
you may be instructed to deviate from the standard
pattern to keep traffic moving smoothly.
WIND DIRECTION INDICATORS
RUNWAY MARKINGS
RUNWAY MARKINGS
RUNWAY MARKINGS
RUNWAY MARKINGS
 TAXIWAY MARKINGS
• The links between the airport parking areas and the
runways are the taxiways. They are easily identified
by a continuous yellow centerline stripe. At some
airports, taxiway edge markings are used to define
the edge of the taxiway and are normally used to
separate the taxiway from pavement that is not
intended for aircraft use. Runway holding position
markings, or hold lines, which are located whenever
the taxiway intersects a runway, keep aircraft clear of
the runway in use.
TAXIWAYS MARKINGS
 RAMP AREA
• The area where aircraft are parked and tied down is
called the apron or ramp area.
AIRPORT BEACON
 APPROACH LIGHT SYSTEM

• Some airports have approach

lighting system (ALS) to help
instrument pilot transition to
visual reference at the
completion of an instrument
approach. These light
systems can begin as far
away as 3000ft along the
extended runway centerline
and normally include a
combination of a steady and
flashing lights.
 AIRSPACE
• Webster’s dictionary defines airspace as “ the
portion of the atmosphere above a particular
land area, especially above a nation.”
• Airspace means the portion of the
atmosphere controlled by a country above its
territory, including its territorial waters or,
more generally, any specific three-dimensional
portion of the atmosphere, wherein specific
class is assigned.
 Kinds of Airspace

• Controlled Airspace is an airspace of defined

dimensions within which ATC services are provided.
The level of control varies with different classes of
airspace.
• Uncontrolled Airspace is an airspace where an ATC
service is not deemed necessary or cannot be
provided for practical reasons. According to
the airspace classes set by ICAO both class F and
class G airspace are uncontrolled.
 Classes of Airspace
• Class A: All operations must be conducted under IFR. All aircraft are
subject to ATC clearance. All flights are separated from each other by
ATC.
• Class B: Operations may be conducted under IFR, SVFR, or VFR. All
aircraft are subject to ATC clearance. All flights are separated from each
other by ATC.
• Class C: Operations may be conducted under IFR, SVFR, or VFR. All
aircraft are subject to ATC clearance (country specific variations
notwithstanding). Aircraft operating under IFR and SVFR are separated
from each other and from flights operating under VFR, but VFR flights
are not separated from each other. Flights operating under VFR are
given traffic information in respect of other VFR flights.
 Classes of Airspace
• Class D: Operations may be conducted under IFR, SVFR, or VFR. All
flights are subject to ATC clearance (country specific variations
notwithstanding). Aircraft operating under IFR and SVFR are
separated from each other, and are given traffic information in
respect of VFR flights. Flights operating under VFR are given traffic
information in respect of all other flights.
• Class E: Operations may be conducted under IFR, SVFR, or VFR.
Aircraft operating under IFR and SVFR are separated from each
other, and are subject to ATC clearance. Flights under VFR are not
subject to ATC clearance. As far as is practical, traffic information is
given to all flights in respect of VFR flights.
 Classes of Airspace

• Class F: Operations may be conducted under IFR or VFR. ATC

separation will be provided, so far as practical, to aircraft operating
under IFR. Traffic Information may be given as far as is practical in
respect of other flights.
• Class G: Operations may be conducted under IFR or VFR. ATC
separation is not provided. Traffic Information may be given as far
as is practical in respect of other flights.
Classes of Airspace
 SPECIAL VFR

• When VFR minimums and there is no conflicting IFR traffic, a

SPECIAL VFR CLEARANCE may be obtained from the ATC facility
having jurisdiction over the affected airspace. A special VFR
clearance may allow you to enter, leave or operate within most
controlled airspace if the flight visibility is at least 1 SM and you
can remain clear of clouds. At least 1 SM ground visibility is
required for takeoff and landing. If ground visibility is not
reported you must have atleast 1 SM flight visibility.
 SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE (SUA)

1. Prohibited Area – airspace of defined dimension identified by

an area on the surface of the earth which all flights are prohibited.
2. Restricted Area – airspace identified by an area on the surface
of the earth within which the flight of an aircraft is not wholly
prohibited and is subject to restrictions.
3. Intensive Student Jet Training Area (ISJTA) – Jet training
activity area by military students jet pilot and in which restrictions
are imposed in IFR flights.
SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE (SUA)

4. Warning Areas – Airspace which may contain hazardous to non

participating aircraft in international airspace. Activities within the area
maybe imposed in IFR flights.
5. Alert Areas – Airspace which is depicted on aeronautical charts to
inform non participating pilots of an unusual type of aerial activity, and
pilots should be particularly alert.
6. Disaster Area – Airspace below 2,000 feet above the surface
within 5 miles radius of the disaster area. Pilots are not allowed to
operate within the area unless they are part of the airborne relief
operation or personnel.
OSP 53
AIR DEFENSE IDENTIFICATION ZONE
(ADIZ)
• ADIZ are established to facilitate this identification in
the vicinity of International airspace boundaries.
Generally, you must file an IFR or defense VFR (DVFR)
flight plan for all operation that enter or exit an ADIZ.
 ATC FACILITIES at CONTROLLED AIRPORTS
• As you approach a controlled airport you establish
communication with a control tower or other ATC facilities. The
proper way on communicating Air traffic controller is to follow
this initial – I. P. I = IDENT, POSITION INTENTION

“ San fernando tower , RP-C7838, Good Morning”

“ 7838, on the ramp, request taxi and take-off Instruction”

“ 7838, aringay 1500 ft, request landing instruction”

 ATC FACILITIES

• ATIS
• CLEARANCE DELIVERY
• RAMP CONTROL
• GROUND CONTROL
• CONTROL TOWER
• APPROACH/DEPARTURE
• AIR ROUTE CONTROL CENTER / ACC
• If your aircraft radio fails when landing at a controlled
airport, you should observe the traffic flow, then join
the airport traffic pattern and maintain visual contact
with the tower to receive light signals. During the
daytime, you should acknowledge tower
transmission or light signals by rocking your wings
and during low visibility by blinking your landing light
or navigation lights.
 AIRCRAFT DEAD RADIO
OPERATING PROCEDURES
DAYTIME NIGHT TIME

1. Aircraft on the Wag tail rudders Blink landing

ground and or ailerons. lights
within sight of
tower.

2. Aircraft in the Fly low (500ft.) Fly along the

air requesting along the pattern pattern or
landing clearance. or runway with runway with
rocking wings left flashing landing
and right. lights.

OSP 58
AUTOMATIC TERMINAL INFORMATION SERVICE
(ATIS)

ATIS is recorded hourly, continuous broadcast of non-control

information is selected high activity terminal areas. The purpose of it
is to lessen the frequency congestion.
Elements of ATIS:
1.Name of station
2. Time (Phonetics and Zulu)
3.Wind direction and velocity
4.Runway –in-use
5.Visibility
6.Sky condition or coverage
7.Temperature and dew point
8.Altimeter setting expressed in metric (Hpa.) and English (in. of Hg)
9.Remarks ( NOTAM,WIP, Advisory and etc….)
(ATIS broadcast is updated when there is a significant meteorological
changes)

OSP 55
 EXAMPLE ATIS BROADCAST

“ This is Ninoy Aquino International Airport information Alpha Time

0000z, Wind 240 deg. At 10 knots, Runway 24/13 in use, Visibility 9
kms., Sky condition few at 2,300 ft. scattered at 10,000 ft.,
temperature 28 Dew point 22, Altimeter 1013 Hpa or 29.92 in.,
Expect ILS approach, Notice to airmen E2 and C6 closed due WIP.”

ATIS information(Manila) can be received by tuning the VHF radio to

126.4 Mhz. Normally pilots monitor this frequency before flight prior
to taxiing and in flight before entering the control zone.

OSP 56
 KALAYAAN FLIGHTS

Kalayaan 1 – (Code 1) President on board.

- Unrestricted

Fixed Wing – Quasi-Emergency

Departure – Boarding (Subject coordination with PSG).
Arrival – 20 track miles.
Separation – 2NM with other traffic.

Rotary Wing (Helicopter) – Special Handling.

Separation – 2NM with other traffic.

Kapitagan Flight – (Code 2) First Family and Cabinet Member.

Separation – Priority if possible.

OSP 57
Domestic Flight Plan

OSP 63
International Flight Plan

OSP 64
E N D