Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
C ha s s is G round
R es is tor P otentiometer
+
A nt e nn a
C a pa c itor
a dd + if pola riz e d V a ria ble C a pa c itor
B atte ry
L amp
Fuze
T ra nsforme r AC wall outlet
Active Component Functions
Diodes let current flow in one direction.
Used to rectify, convert AC to DC.
Current flows from anode to cathode.
But the electron charge flows the other way!
Zener diodes have a constant voltage for a
range of reverse currents.
They are voltage regulators over that range.
Light emitting diodes convert current into light.
Bipolar and field effect transistors amplify
(provide gain) and on-off switching.
Integrated Circuits combine multiple functions
into one package.
Active Component Symbols
Collector S witc h, single pole single
Anode Cathode throw. When activated by
cored inductor a R elay.
Marked with Base
Stripe
Diode
Emitter
NPN Bipolor
Transistor Not-Pointing-in
Anode C a thode
Z ener Diode
Drain
Gate
Field Effect
Transistor Source Intergrated
L ight E mitting D iode Circuit IC
Symbols interconnected to make
an Amplifier Schematic
What do the numbered symbols depict?
Power Supply Schematic
What do the numbered symbols depict?
Antenna Tuner Schematic
(Matching Network)
What do the numbered symbols depict?
DC Measurements
Current meters are amp meters, milliamp meters
or micro amp meters.
A current meter (amp/microamp meter) is used in
series with the current (in parallel it may be a short
and burn out the meter.)
A volt meter (current meter with resistor in series)
is used across (in parallel) the circuit.
Increase resistance for higher voltage reading.
An ohm meter is a known voltage source in
series with current meter.
The current that flows is inversely proportional to the
resistance completing the circuit.
A multi meter reads E, I, or R and is also called a
VOM (Volt Ohm Milliamp meter.)
Circuit Measurement
Volt meter used across the circuit, in parallel.
Current meter (amp meter) is used in series.
AMP METER
VOLT METER
E
R
LOAD
AMP METER R
E
SOURCE
VOLT METER
LOAD
Amps
Ampmeter
Voltmeter
microampmeter
with 1 m ohm
series resistor Load
Resistor
Source Volts
Ohms
100 v
10 v +
Ohmmeter
a mp meter with
known volta ge
source. Capaticor
Resistor
Sine Wave Time & Frequency
No Harmonics
Clipped Sine Wave & Spectrum
Clipping generates odd harmonics.
Square Waves
Many Odd Harmonics
Radio Frequency Filters
Low Pass or RF Filter to eliminate all RF.
Passes all frequencies below its cut off frequency.
High Pass
Passes all frequencies above its cut off frequency.
Band Pass
Passes all frequencies near its center frequency.
Band Stop or Notch Filter
Passes all frequencies except those near its center
frequency.
Filters are not perfect
The better the filter the more and/or sharper its cut off.
Interference
Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI) is
controlled by good design.
No spurs, splatter or unwanted frequencies from
transmitter.
If you receive a complaint check your transmitter.
Check your TV for the interference.
Unwanted frequencies controlled by filtering
and shielding.
Cable TV operates in HAM bands.
A loose or broken coax connector (yours or theirs) is
a poor shield.
You could interfere with TV or cable TV with you.
TV Radio Interference
Turning up the microphone gain to increase power
could reduce understanding due to distortion.
Carrier Harmonics would be generated by any
clipping, or distortion in the transmitter.
Splatter is generated by modulation clipping.
Spurious emissions are signals other than desired.
Harmonic radiation, splatter and spurious emissions
are always the Ham’s problem.
Optional
100% AM no clipping Carrier and modulation clipped
lab1 15000 1000 1 1 1 0 FFT lab2 15000 1000 1 1.1 1.1 0 FFT
Filter Applications
–
US Call District Map
More on U.S. Call Signs
Tactical call signs are efficient and help coordinate
public service communication.
Examples: command post, weather center, races HQ.
Under the vanity call sign program you can request
any nonissued call sign from groups allowed for your
license class.
But not: _H, _L or _P unless you live there I.e. _H is Hawaii +,
_L is Alaska and _P is Puerto Rico +.
You can change your call (non vanity / no choice) by
requesting a systematic call on form 605.
Any HAM can apply for a temporary 1x1.
Club call signs are via a club call sign administrator.
– A club must have at least 4 members.
– Vanity club Call Sign selected only by license trustee.
Station Identification
You must call sign identify your station every 10
minutes (or less) and at the end of every contact.
You do not have to ID for the first 10 minutes.
ID test transmissions use the same rules.
Testing without ID is an illegal unidentified transmission.
If using a special event call for ID, your call 1/ hour.
If you add some self-assigned indicator it must not
conflict with an FCC rule indicator or an ITU prefix.
ID can always be in CW or in the operating mode.
CW ID 20 wpm maximum, a reason to know CW.
ID must be in English, phonetics OK, ITU best.
All understand A)lfa B)ravo …not A)rdvark B)ackstroke.
Space stations, higher then 50 Km do not require ID.
Communications
Third party communications are passed by amateur
radio for someone other than the two operators in
contact, or directly to/by a third party.
Foreign third party traffic is prohibited without an treaty or
agreement, except when the third party is licensed.
If third party traffic is exchanged with a foreign
station, the foreign station must also be identified by
you at the end of contact.
You can communicate with all amateur stations, on
frequencies authorized by your license, unless
prohibited by our or their government.
The FCC can OK communication with other radio services,
for example US military com. test on Arm Forces Day.
Re-TX of auxiliary, repeater or space station OK.
Prohibitions
Broadcasting, transmitting information, music or
video to the general public is prohibited.
No news reporting.
Beacons, remote control, Ham information bulletins,
emergency com & code practice are not broadcasting.
International, HAM related or personal remarks only.
No business communications except when safety of
life, immediate protection of property is threatened.
No call to your boss to request customer directions.
Occasional sale or trade of HAM equipment OK.
No compensation of any type is permitted for HAM
communication services, some part 97 exemptions.
Club employee sending bulletins and/or CW practice.
But not for any other control operator actions.
W9PE
WWW.W9PE.US
Notes
Options called out refer to the D column settings in
W9PE’s virtual lab. See http://w9pe.us/w9pe0513vl.pdf