Computer Fundamentals

Computer Fundamentals
Computer = Compute= Calculate
Thirteen century Abacus believes to be the first

ever computer
Computer = An electronic device that performs

arithmetical & logical tasks with speed & accuracy
without interruption
Characteristics of Computer
Speed
Accuracy
Versatility
Power of Memory
Characteristics of Computer
No IQ!
Diligence
No Feelings
Generation of Computer
First Generation (before 1955)
Vacuum Tube Technology

First Generation (before 1955)

Characteristics
 Vacuum tubes were the only electronic
components available during those days
 The technology made possible the advent

of digital computers
 Fastest calculating device of that era
 Could compute in milliseconds

First Generation (before 1955) Disadvantages

 Too bulky in size
 Unreliable
 Emitted large amount of heat thus prone to
burnt out
 Prone to frequent hardware failure
 Non-portable
 Constant maintenance required
 Limited commercial use
Second Generation (1955 - 1964) Characteristics

 Transistors based system
 Smaller is size and more reliable than
vacuum tube
 Less heat generated
 Computational time reduced to milliseconds
to microseconds
 Less prone to hardware failure
 Better portability
 Wider commercial use
Second Generation (1955 - 1964) Disadvantages

 Frequent maintenance required
 Manual assembly of individual components
into functioning unit was required
 Air-conditioning required
 Commercial production was difficult and
expensive
Third Generation (1964 - 1975) Characteristics

 Based on Integrated Circuit (IC)
Frequent maintenance required
 Manual assembly of individual components
into functioning unit was required
 Air-conditioning required
 Commercial production was difficult and
expensive

 Smaller in size as compared to previous
generation computer
 More reliable than 2nd generation computer

 Lower heat generated than 2nd gen
 Computational time reduced from

microseconds to nanoseconds

 Less power required as compared
 Hardware failure are rare thus maintenance
cost is low
 Easily portable
 Widely used for various commercial
applications
 Commercial production was
easier and cheaper
Third Generation (1964 - 1975) Disadvantages

 Air-conditioning required in many cases
 Highly sophisticated technology required for
the manufacturing of IC chips
Fourth Generation (1975 onwards) Charecteristics

 Initially ICs were to house 10-20 individual
components (SSI technology)
 Then with the advent of technology MSI &
LSI came into the picture
 Very small & powerful chips developed
through VLSI
Fourth Generation (1975 onwrds) Charecteristics

 Computer giant IBM tried to develop
micro computer called PC (Personal
Computer)
Intel Corp developed Micro chip code named
80286, 80386, 80486
 Technology made it possible PC to reach
home
Fourth Generation (1975 onwrds) Charecteristics

 Computer giant IBM tried to develop
micro computer called PC (Personal
Computer)
Intel Corp developed Micro chip code named
80286, 80386, 80486
 Technology made it possible PC to reach
home
Forth Generation (1995 onwrds)
Charecteristics
 Software companies joined hand in
developing new kind of OS & Application
Software
Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), leading CPU

manufacturing company introduced
equivalent processors
 Sun Micro Systems also came up with the

Same idea
Forth Generation (1995 onwrds) Charecteristics
 Computer became a tool for entertainment
with the development with newer technology
 The term MULTIMEDIA came along with the

advent of CD ROMs, Sound cards & Speakers
 New OSs supporting GUI and other graphical

& gaming/entertainment software introduced
Forth Generation (1995 onwrds) Advantages
 Smallest in size because of high component
density
 Fast, accurate and reliable in performance
 Less power consumption and heat

generation
 Super portability
 Hardware failure is minimal thus

almost maintenance free
Cheapest among its predecessor

Fifth Generation (2000 onwrds) Charecteristics
 Technology became more sophisticated
 More number of transistors making it more

complex in CPU architecture
 More speed and accuracy needed for

demanding tasks
 Developers introduced Pentium I, P II, P III &

P IV category of job intensives CPUs
Fifth Generation (2000 onwrds) Charecteristics
 Many changes took place over the time in

these generation of CPUs
 Both Intel & AMD introduced slot & socket

type CPUs
 Almost in every quarter there was a new

entrant with higher speed and better quality
of computing
Sixth/Seventh Generation (Till date) Charecteristics
 Looks and basic technology remain same
 More processing power & data bandwidth
 Enhanced L1, L2 & L3 CACHE memory

 Better data handling capacity
 Improved CPU intensive tasks (high-end
graphics, animation, video editing,
Audio encoding etc.
 Better multitasking
 Very stiff competition among the major

players
 Concept of putting 2 different core in a

single chip introduced
 2 core working at same speed made

multitasking buttery
 Even quad core in a single chip both from

AMD & rival Intel released
 Processing speed is skyrocketing day by day
 AMD even developed 5 core in a single chip

codenamed VENOM
 Today’s modern computer is much more
superior than its predecessors in terms of
looks, performance and portability
 Other components have been tremendously

changed and improved to match the pace
with CPU technology
 Software are also compensating the

Changes at per with the
development
Inside of a computer
Mother board that houses all major components

CPU placed on its designated slot in Mother board

Hard Disk is connected as permanent storage medium

RAM as primary storage medium placed on MB

Graphic card is placed on MB and rear point connects

the monitor
A Floppy Disk Drive may be connected with MB

A CD/DVD ROM/Writer may be connected with MB

A Sound card (optional) may be installed on MB

A monitor is connected with GFX card installed on MB

Power Supply (SMPS) fitted inside the cabinet pumps

power to the MB
Key board & mouse are connected at the rear of the cabinet
Computer assembly is done!
Computer from outside either in tower or laptop form

Computer Organization Basics
All computer systems performs the following five basic operations:
Input (Wheat)
Storing (Wheat)
Processing
Controlling
Output (Atta)
Computer Organization Basics
Input Unit Storage Unit Output Unit
Control Unit
Arithmetic
Logic Unit
Block Diagram: How computer functions

Number System
 Inside a computer system, data is stored in a format

which is not easily read by human being
 That is why in computer system input & output (I/O)

interface is needed
 Every computer stores numbers, letters and other

special characters as number codes which is called
machine language
 So, number system is important for computers

Number System
Non Positional Number System
In early days, human being used to count on fingers
When that was not adequate, stone, pebbles, logs &

sticks were used to indicate values
Number System
Non Positional Number System
Here, symbols represent the same value regardless of
its position
Symbols are simply added to represent its value of a

particular number regardless of its position
Very difficult to perform arithmetic process with this

Number system because of its long chain of symbols
Number System
Positional Number System
The positional number system has few symbols of digits
These symbols represent different values depending on the

position they occupy in the number
The value of each digit in such number is determined by

The three following factors:
Number System
 The digit itself
 The position of the digit in the number

 The base of the number system
( where base is defined as the total number available in
The number system)
Number System
The number system we use or follow is called
Decimal Number System
Here the base is 10 because the digits are restricted to

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9
The successive positions to the left of the decimal point

Represent units, tens, hundreds thousands etc.
Example: ( 258610)
Number System
Positional Number System: Decimal

2 5 8 6
Thousand Hundred Ten Unit Positions
(2 X 1000) + (5 X 100) + (8 X 10) + (6 X 1)

= 2000 + 500 + 80 + 6
= 2586
Number System
Positional Number System: Octal Number System
 In this number system there are eight symbols or
digits like 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
 Thus the base is 8
 The largest single digit is 7 (one less than the base)

Number System
Positional Number System: Octal Number System

The decimal equivalent of octal number 2057 is written
as (20578)
3 2 1 o
( 2 X 8) + (0 X 8) + (5 X 8) + (7 X 8)
= 1024 + 0 + 40 + 7
= 1071
so 2057 = 107110
Number System
Positional Number System: Hexadecimal

 In this system the base is 16 with 16 single character
to express a value
 The first 10 digits resemble the decimal digits, 0 – 9
 The remaining six digits are represented by

A, B, C, D, E and F (Number Digit)
These characters denote the value

10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15
Number System

 The Number A has a decimal equivalent value of 10
 Hexadecimal F is equal to decimal 15
 Thus the largest single digit is F or 15 (one less than the base)
 Each position in a hexadecimal system

Represents a power of the base (16)
Number System

 The Decimal equivalent of Hexadecimal number 1AF or
written as (1AF16) is:
2 1 0
(1 X 16) + (A X 16) + (F X 16)
= (1 X 256) + (10 X 16) + (15 X 1)
= 256 + 160 + 15
= 431
Number System
Positional Number System: Binary Number System
Binary number system has only two symbols or digits: 0 & 1
So it has a base value of 2
The largest digit is 1 (one less than the base)
The decimal equivalent of binary 10101 is:
(1 X 2) + (0 X 2) + (1 X 2) + (0 X 2) + (1 X 2)
= 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1
= 21
Number System
4 3 2 1 0
(1 X 2) + (0 X 2) + (1 X 2) + (0 X 2) + (1 X 2)
= 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1
= 21
Or 2110 = 101012
Number System
4 3 2 1 0
(1 X 2) + (0 X 2) + (1 X 2) + (0 X 2) + (1 X 2)
= 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1
= 21
Or 2110 = 101012
Number System
3 bit numbers & their Decimal values
BINARY DECIMAL EQUIVALENT
000 0
001 1
010 2
011 3
100 4
101 5
Operating System: MS DOS
 Developed by Micro Soft Inc.

 Introduced in 1980’s
 Initially it was named as QDOS (Quick & Dirty Operating System)
 Based on X386 type Microprocessor based System
 IBM requested Micro Soft for a version exclusively for its PC
 Version of DOS introduced on IBM PC named as PC DOS
Features of DOS
 Based on CLI (Command Line Interface)
 There were many internal and external commands for
exececution
 No Graphical Interface
 All commands were in Syntax form
Example: to create a directory = C:\> md (space) NSHM (enter)
to see all directory = C:\>dir (enter)
 Mistakes in syntax would have stopped execution

Features of DOS
All commands were in Syntax form
Example:
to create a directory named NSHM= C:\> md (space) NSHM (enter)
to see all directory = C:\>dir (enter)
to change directory to NSHM= C:\>cd NSHM (enter)
 Mistakes in syntax would have stopped execution
C:\>bad command or file name
Features of DOS
 Networking was not possible
 No Multi User capabilities
 Did not support Multitasking
 No Multi threading
Some useful internal DOS Commands

del, erase - delete files
rd, rmdir - delete directories
dir - show content of directories
cd, chdir - change current directory
cls - clear the screen
Some useful internal DOS Commands

md, mkdir - create a directory
copy - copy of one or several files
ren, rename - rename of files or directories
type - shows the content of text files
ver - shows the DOS version number
vol - shows the name of the storage drive
Some external DOS Commands

attrib - shows the attributes of files or set one of those
Chkdsk – checks the disk status
fdisk - partitioning or modify of the hard disk
Some external DOS Commands

move - move of files
mem - shows the occupancy of working memory
tree - shows the directory structure
format - format of storage drives
Class Test - Surprising Taste!!
Write short note on the following 5X5

1. DOS
2. Generation of Computer
3. Number system
4. Computer Memory
5. Basic organisation of Computer
Logic Gate
1. NOT GATE
A logic gate is the physical realization of the
Complementation operation. It is an electronic circuit
That generates an output signal which is reverse of the
input signal
A A
Logic Gate
1. NOT gate
Truth Table of NOT Gate

INPUT OUTPUT
A A -
0 1
1 0
Logic Gate
1. NAND gate
A NAND gate is a complemented AND gate.
That is, the output of a NAND gate will be 1
if any of the inputs is 0 and the reverse
(When inputs are 1 outputs are 0)
A - -
C = A+ B
B
Logic Gate
NAND gate
Truth table of NAND gate
INPUTS OUTPUT
A B C= A.B
- -
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Logic Gate
NOR gate
A NOR gate is a complemented OR gate.
That is the output of a NOR gate will be a 1 only
when all inputs are 0 and it will be a 0 if any input
represents a 1
Logic Gate
NOR gate
Truth table of NOR gate
INPUTS OUTPUT
A B C= A.B
- -
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

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Computer Fundamentals

Computer = Compute= Calculate

Thirteen century Abacus believes to be the first

Computer = An electronic device that performs

First Generation (before 1955)

Vacuum Tube Technology

First Generation (before 1955)

 The technology made possible the advent

 Fastest calculating device of that era

 Could compute in milliseconds

First Generation (before 1955) Disadvantages

Second Generation (1955 - 1964) Characteristics

Second Generation (1955 - 1964) Disadvantages

Third Generation (1964 - 1975) Characteristics

Third Generation (1964 - 1975) Characteristics

 More reliable than 2nd generation computer

 Computational time reduced from

Third Generation (1964 - 1975) Characteristics

Third Generation (1964 - 1975) Disadvantages

Fourth Generation (1975 onwards) Charecteristics

Fourth Generation (1975 onwrds) Charecteristics

Fourth Generation (1975 onwrds) Charecteristics

Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), leading CPU

 Sun Micro Systems also came up with the

 The term MULTIMEDIA came along with the

 New OSs supporting GUI and other graphical

 Fast, accurate and reliable in performance

 Less power consumption and heat

 Hardware failure is minimal thus

Cheapest among its predecessor

 More number of transistors making it more

 More speed and accuracy needed for

 Developers introduced Pentium I, P II, P III &

 Many changes took place over the time in

 Both Intel & AMD introduced slot & socket

 Almost in every quarter there was a new

 Looks and basic technology remain same

 More processing power & data bandwidth

 Enhanced L1, L2 & L3 CACHE memory

 Very stiff competition among the major

 Concept of putting 2 different core in a

 2 core working at same speed made

 Even quad core in a single chip both from

 Processing speed is skyrocketing day by day

 AMD even developed 5 core in a single chip

 Other components have been tremendously

 Software are also compensating the

Mother board that houses all major components

CPU placed on its designated slot in Mother board

Hard Disk is connected as permanent storage medium

RAM as primary storage medium placed on MB

Graphic card is placed on MB and rear point connects

A Floppy Disk Drive may be connected with MB

A CD/DVD ROM/Writer may be connected with MB

A Sound card (optional) may be installed on MB

A monitor is connected with GFX card installed on MB

Power Supply (SMPS) fitted inside the cabinet pumps

Computer from outside either in tower or laptop form

Input Unit Storage Unit Output Unit

Block Diagram: How computer functions

 Inside a computer system, data is stored in a format

 That is why in computer system input & output (I/O)

 Every computer stores numbers, letters and other

 So, number system is important for computers