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This document discusses the history and applications of electromagnetic waves. It describes how Hans Christian Oersted discovered the relationship between electricity and magnetism in 1820. Michael Faraday then established the principles of electromagnetic induction. James Clerk Maxwell unified electricity, magnetism and light by formulating classical electromagnetic theory. Heinrich Hertz provided experimental evidence for the existence of electromagnetic waves. The document then outlines various applications of electromagnetic waves including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rays.
This document discusses the history and applications of electromagnetic waves. It describes how Hans Christian Oersted discovered the relationship between electricity and magnetism in 1820. Michael Faraday then established the principles of electromagnetic induction. James Clerk Maxwell unified electricity, magnetism and light by formulating classical electromagnetic theory. Heinrich Hertz provided experimental evidence for the existence of electromagnetic waves. The document then outlines various applications of electromagnetic waves including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rays.
This document discusses the history and applications of electromagnetic waves. It describes how Hans Christian Oersted discovered the relationship between electricity and magnetism in 1820. Michael Faraday then established the principles of electromagnetic induction. James Clerk Maxwell unified electricity, magnetism and light by formulating classical electromagnetic theory. Heinrich Hertz provided experimental evidence for the existence of electromagnetic waves. The document then outlines various applications of electromagnetic waves including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rays.
THEORY RUEL R. CADAPAN, LPT PROPONENTS OF EM WAVES HANS CHRISTIAN OERSTED & OERSTED'S DISCOVERY
• HANS CHRISTIAN OERSTED
• born in 1777 on Rudkjobing in Denmark (NNDB). • He studied to be a doctor in philosophy in 1799 and gave lectures in chemistry and natural philosophy • Oersted was first to identify the relationship between electric currents and magnetism. In 1820 his discovery that sending an electric current through a wire created a magnetic field was published. APPLICATION OF DISCOVERY • Oersted’s discovery is vital to modern society because it shows that using a changing magnetic field can generate electricity; • and that electricity can generate a magnetic field. • The implications of this discovery can be found in MRI machines to engines. MICHAEL FARADAY & FARADAY'S LAW OF INDUCTION
• Born on September 22, 1791
• Michael Faraday was an English
chemist and physicist who made many important contributions to science despite his lack of formal education in mathematics. • His research with magnetic fields around conductors carrying DC electric currents lead to the basics of the electromagnetic field in physics, which was later further researched by James Maxwell. FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
• is a basic law of electromagnetism relating to the
operating principles of transformers, inductors, and many types of electrical motors and generators. JAMES CLERK MAXWELL • James Clerk Maxwell was born on June 13, 1831 in Edinburgh. • Maxwell won awards in math and English and wrote his first scientific paper, Oval Curves. The paper was presented to the Royal Society of Edinburgh. • Presented by James Forbes, a professor at Edinburgh University. • James Maxwell’s 1861 paper titled “On Physical Lines of Force” took all of the current knowledge of electricity and magnetism and reduced them into a set of differential equations. • Maxwell used these equations to calculate the propagation speed of an electromagnetic field, which was approximately the speed of light. From these calculations
• Maxwell concluded that light is an
electromagnetic disturbance and follows the same laws. HEINRICH HERTZ
• Heinrich Hertz was a German physicist
born in 1857 in Hamburg. • His family was quite prosperous, so he had access to high quality education. • Hertz was particularly skilled in science and engineering. He studied at many schools across Germany, earning his PhD in 1880 from the University of Berlin. • Hertz was able to prove the existence of electromagnetic waves.
• Hertz was able to refine his experiments to
show that these electromagnetic waves travelled at the same speed as light, thereby proving Maxwell’s hypothesis. • For his contributions, the unit for frequency was named the “hertz.” APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES IN DAILY LIVING • RUEL R. CADAPAN, LPT 1. RADIO WAVES • Radio waves have the longest wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum. • They are produced by making electrons vibrate in an antenna. • They are used to transmit sound and picture information over long distances. • • Low frequency waves are suitable for communication over great distances. • But the curvature of the earth limits the range to about 80 kilometers. • To extend the range, a repeater is used. • High frequency waves can be reflected by the ionosphere.
• enables the waves to be transmitted
over great distances. • Medium and high frequency waves are used for broadcasting by local radio stations 2. MICROWAVES • Microwaves have smaller wavelengths than radio waves. • They are used in: • satellite communications, • radar, • television transmission • and cooking. • Microwaves can penetrate the atmosphere of the earth. • Communication satellites travel around the earth at an altitude of 35, 000 km above the equator. They move at a speed of 11 300 km/h and revolve around the earth every 24 hours • Microwaves have short wavelengths and are reflected by small objects.
• This property is used in radars.
• Radar is the acronym of radio detection and ranging. • A radar system is consists of: • an antenna, • transmitter, and • a receiver. TERRESTRIAL COMMUNICATION
• Microwaves are used to transmit
television news coverage from mobile broadcast vehicles back to the station. • A cell phone is a radio transmitter and receiver that uses microwaves. • Cellular phones depend on overlapping network of cells or areas of land several kilometres in diameter. Each cell has its tower that receives and sends microwave signals. MICROWAVE OVEN
• In a microwave oven, foods absorb certain
microwave frequencies very strongly. • The microwaves penetrate the food being heated. • It will agitate the water molecules within the food, thus creating molecular friction which then produces heat that will cook 3. INFRARED • Infrared radiation lies beyond the red end of the visible light. It is emitted by all objects.
• The amount and wavelength of
radiation depend on temperature. • • Our bodies radiate infrared and under infrared camera or a night vision goggle, our images appear in variety of colors. The differences in color determine the differences in temperature.
• blue and green ____colder temperature;
• red and yellow ____ warmer temperature 4. THE VISIBLE LIGHT When white light passes through a prism, it is separated into its constituent colors: the red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet
Red color has the longest
wavelength from among these colors and violet has the shortest. • Our eyes are sensitive to electromagnetic waves of wavelengths that ranges from 4x10-7 m to 7x10-7 m.
• Thus, the spectrum of white light
is therefore called the visible spectrum. 5. ULTRAVIOLET • Ultraviolet radiation lies just beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum.
• Ultraviolet waves have shorter
wavelengths than the visible light and carry more energy. • The sun is our main source of ultraviolet radiation Ultraviolet radiation in UV lamps are used by banks to check the signature on a passbook.
• The signature is marked on the passbook with
fluorescent ink. It becomes visible when viewed under an ultraviolet lamp. • Ultraviolet radiation in sunlight produces vitamin D in the skin and gives us tanning effect. • But since UV rays have high energy, it could be harmful to some extent. It could burn the skin and hurt our eyes. • Overexposure to UV radiation may cause skin cancer. • Suntan or sunscreen lotions serve as filters to protect the body from ultraviolet 6. X-RAYS • X-rays come just after the ultraviolet rays. They are of shorter wavelength but carries higher energy than the UV. • X-rays are produced using an X-ray tube. They are emitted when fast moving electrons hit a metal target.
• X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Conrad
Roentgent in 1895. • Long wavelength X-rays can penetrate the flesh but not the bones. They are used in X-ray photography to help doctors look inside the body. • Short wavelength X-rays can penetrate even through metals. They are used in industry to inspect welded joints for faults. • X-rays are dangerous because they can damage healthy living cells of the body. 7. GAMMA RAYS • Gamma rays lie at the other end of the electromagnetic spectrum. • They are shortest in wavelength and highest in frequency. They carry the highest amount of energy, thus, they are more dangerous. • Gamma rays are emitted by stars and some radioactive substances.
• They can only be blocked with lead and
thick concrete. • • Gamma rays are very strong that they can kill living cells. • Gamma rays are used to treat cancer through the process called radiotherapy. • They are also used for sterilization of drinking water. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING
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